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When folks talk about the gene-editing tool CRISPR, they’re usually talking about CRISPR-Cas9, a combination of DNA and enzymes that together act like scissors to cut and paste genes. CRISPR-Cas9 has already been hailed a potential game changer in the fight against cancer, crop pathogens, and environmental problems. But some researchers think a lesser-known flavor of the technology might be the answer to the world’s growing superbug problem. Ladies and gentlemen, meet CRISPR-Cas3.
“What we’re trying to do is kill bacteria,” Rodolphe Barrangou, a molecular biologist at North Carolina State University, told Gizmodo. “It’s like a Pac-Man that’s going to chew up DNA rather than make a clean cut. It chews it up beyond repair. It’s lethal.”
In 2015, he co-founded Locus Biosciences, a university spin-off company devoted to reprogramming CRISPR-Cas3 to develop antimicrobials to tackle infectious diseases increasingly resistant to antibiotics, such as C.difficile, E.coliand MRSA. Recently, the company made its public debut after years in stealth mode.
Like Cas9, the Cas3 enzyme can be programmed to target specific DNA, meaning scientists could train it on an unwanted invader. But Cas9 precisely cuts DNA, leaving a double-stranded break that allows the cell to repair itself once the desired edits have been made. Cas3, Barrangou said, is like Pac-Man, chewing up the cell in such a way that leaves it no hope of repair.
“It’s a very promising idea, this had a lot of potential,” Erik Sontheimer, a molecular biologist at University of Massachusetts, told Gizmodo. “Though, I want to caution that when it comes to superbugs, there is no magic bullet.”
Hard-to-kill bacteria, often dubbed “superbugs,” have become a major problem, developing resistance to antibiotics more quickly than we can discover new ones. In a rush to find a solution besides just simply more antibiotics, researchers are experimenting with alternatives, like using predatory bacteria to attack deadly human pathogens.
“Antibiotics are indiscriminate—they target all bacteria in the body,” Barrangou said. “If we can use CRISPR to selectively target a particular bacterial genotype and eradicate it, we can leave the rest of the microbiome in tact. It’s like a smart antibiotic.”
Barrangou’s work is in its early stages, but it may be among the most promising alternatives to new antibiotics.
“One of the reasons there is such a crying need for new therapies is that bacteria are very good at evolving ways around whatever we throw at them,” Sontheimer said.
The company will also have to gain FDA approval for any therapy it develops. It hopes that process will be less fraught than it has been for CRISPR-Cas9, since Cas3’s destructive properties mean you can’t make designer babies, superhumans or any other genetically engineered sci-fi catastrophe.