General relativity

Has LIGO Proved Einstein Wrong & Found Signs of Quantum Gravity?

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Three physicists have predicted that finding ‘echoes’ of gravitational waves coming from blackhole mergers might be signs of a theory that finally unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity.

A computer simulation shows two neutron stars, the extremely dense cores of now-dead stars, smashing into each other to form a blackhole. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre/Flickr, CC BY 2.0 (quantum)

A computer simulation shows two neutron stars, the extremely dense cores of now-dead stars, smashing into each other to form a blackhole. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre/Flickr, CC BY 2.0

Your high-school physics teacher would’ve likely taught you to think about the smallest constituents of nature by asking you to start with a large object – like a chair – and then keep breaking it down into smaller bits. For the purposes of making sense of your syllabus, you probably stopped at protons, electrons and neutrons. That’s a pity because, if you’d kept going, you’d have stumbled upon some of the biggest mysteries of the universe. At some point, you’d have hit the Planck scale: the smallest region of space, the shortest span of time. This is the smallest scale that quantum mechanics can make sense of, and this is where many physicists expect to find the fundamental particles that make up space itself.

If this region – or some phenomena that are thought to belong exclusively to this region – are found, then physicists will have made a stunning discovery. Apart from finding the ‘atoms’ of space, they’d have opened the doors to marrying the two biggest theories of physics: quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity (GR). The former’s demesne is the small and smaller particles you passed along the way to the Planck scale. The latter’s is the largest distances and spans of time in the universe. And the discovery would be stunning because GR, created by Albert Einstein 101 years ago, doesn’t allow space to have any constituent ‘atoms’. For GR, space is smooth. And it is this fundamental conflict that has prevented the theories from being reconciled into a single ‘quantum gravity’ theory.

But the first signs of change might be here.

In 2015, the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatories (LIGO) in the US had made the first direct detection of gravitational waves. These are ripples of energy sent strumming through space at the speed of light when a massive object accelerates. LIGO had in fact detected gravitational waves created by two blackholes that were spinning rapidly around each other before colliding and merging to form a larger blackhole. The discovery was unequivocal proof that Einstein’s GR was valid and realistic. But curiously enough, three physicists recently announced that the discovery may have in fact achieved the opposite: invalidate GR and instead signal proof that the first signs of quantum gravity may have been found.

A blackhole is a particularly interesting thing. One is formed when the core of a dying star of a certain kind becomes so massive that, after the initial supernova explosion, it collapses inwards, tightly curving space around itself such that even light can’t escape its prodigious gravity. A blackhole is a consequence of GR – though Einstein didn’t himself predict its existence first. At the same time, because of its freaky nature, a blackhole also often exhibits quantum mechanical properties that physicists have been interested in for their potential to reveal something about quantum gravity. And many of these properties have to do with the blackhole’s outer shell: the event horizon, behind which nothing can escape the blackhole’s heart no matter how fast it is moving away.

GR can’t perfectly predict what the insides of a blackhole are like – and the theory simply breaks down when it comes to the blackhole’s heart itself. But using LIGO’s data when it tuned in to the mergers of two blackhole-pairs in 2015, three physicists are now saying there’s some reason to believe GR may be breaking down at the event horizon itself. They say they are motivated by having spotted signs (in the data) of a quantum-gravity effect known simply as an echo.

According to GR, the event horizon is a smooth and infinitely thin surface: at any given moment, you’re either behind it, falling into the blackhole, or in front of it, looking into the abyss that is the blackhole. But according to quantum mechanics, the event horizon is actually a ‘firewall’ of particles popping in and out of existence. You step into it and you’re immediately incinerated. But apart from making for an interesting gedanken experiment about suicidal astronauts, the existence of such a firewall can have very real consequences.

When two blackholes collide to form a larger blackhole, there is a very large amount of energy released. In LIGO’s first detection of a merger, made on September 14, 2015, two blackholes weighing 29 and 36 solar masses merged to form a blackhole weighing 62 solar masses. The remaining three solar masses – equivalent to 178.7 billion trillion trillion trillion joules of energy – were expelled as gravitational waves. If GR has its way, with an infinitely thin event horizon, then the waves are immediately expelled into space. However, if quantum mechanics has its way, then some of the waves are first trapped inside the firewall of particles, where they bounce around like echoes depending on the angle at which they were ensnared, and escape in instalments. Corresponding to the delay in setting off into space, LIGO would have detected them similarly: not arriving all at once but with delays.

LIGO original template for GW150914, along with Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi's best fit template for the echoes. Caption and credit: arXiv:1612.00266

LIGO original template for GW150914, along with Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi’s best fit template for the echoes.

The three physicists – Jahed Abedi, Hannah Dykaar and Niayesh Afshordi – simulated firewall-esque conditions using mirrors placed close to a computer-simulated blackhole to determine the intervals at which gravitational echoes from each of the three events LIGO has detected so far would arrive at. When they had their results, they went looking for similar signals in the LIGO data. In a pre-print paper uploaded to the arXiv server on December 1, the trio writes that it did find them, with a statistical significance of 2.9 sigma. This is a mathematical measure of confidence that’s not good enough to technically be considered evidence (3 sigma), let alone proof of any kind (5 sigma). And when tested for each event, the odds are lower: they max out at 2 sigma in the case of the merger known as GW150914, the first one that LIGO detected. Finally, even if the signal persists, it might not ultimately be due to quantum gravity at all but some other sources.

Nonetheless, the significance isn’t zero – and the LIGO team has confirmed that it is looking for more signs of echoes in its data. Luckily for everyone, the detectors also recently restarted with upgrades to make them more sensitive, to more accurately study the gravitational wave signals arising from blackholes of diverse masses. If future experiments can’t detect stronger echoes (or eliminate existing sources of noise that could be clouding observations), then that’s that for this line of verifying quantum gravity. But until then, it wouldn’t be amiss to speculate on its veracity – or on variations of it that might yield better results, results closer to LIGO’s capabilities – if only because the data that LIGO collects for each merger is so complex.

Ultimately, the most heartening takeaway from the Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi thesis is that there is an experimental way to confirm the predictions of quantum gravity at all. Physicists have long held it to be out of human reach. This is obvious when you realise the Planck length is 100-billion-billion-times smaller than the diameter of a proton and the Planck second is 10-billion-billion-billion-times smaller than the smallest unit of time that some of the most powerful atomic clocks can measure. If quantum gravity is a true theory, then it will be to nature’s unending credit that it spawned blackholes that can magnify the effects of such infinitesimal provenance – and to humankind’s for building machines that can eavesdrop on them.

An Indian LIGO detector is currently under development and is expected to join the twin American ones to study gravitational waves by 2023.

This new equation might finally unite the two biggest theories in physics, physicist claims.

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Linking general relativity and quantum mechanics with wormholes.

One of the most stubborn problems in physics today is the fact that our two best theories to explain the Universe – general relativity and quantum mechanics – function perfectly well on their own, but as soon as you try to combine them, the maths just doesn’t work out.

But a Stanford theoretical physicist has just come up with a new equation that suggests the key to finally connecting the two could be found in bizarre spacetime tunnels called wormholes.

The equation is deceptively simple: ER = EPR.

It’s not made up of numerical values, but instead represents the names of some key players in theoretical physics.

On the left side of the equation, the ER stands for Einstein and Nathan Rosen,and refers to a 1935 paper they wrote together describing wormholes, known technically as Einstein-Rosen bridges.

On the right side of the equation, EPR stands for Einstein, Rosen and Boris Podolsky, who co-wrote another paper that year describing quantum entanglement.

Back in 2013, physicist Leonard Susskind from Stanford University and Juan Maldacena from the Institute for Advance Study at Princeton suggested that the two papers could be describing pretty much the same thing – something that no one else in the field had previously considered, including Einstein himself.

Now Susskind is back to discuss the implications if he’s in fact right.

But first, let’s look at the individual parts of this equation.

First implied by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, wormholes are like tunnels between two places in the Universe.

In theory, if you fell in one side of a wormhole, you’d appear on the other side almost instantaneously, even if it happened to be on the exact opposite side of the Universe.

But wormholes aren’t just portals to another place in the Universe, they’re portals between two times in the Universe. Like Carl Sagan once said, “You might emerge somewhere else in space, some when-else in time.”

Quantum entanglement, on the other hand, describes the way that two particles can interact in such a way that they become inexorably linked, and essentially ‘share’ an existence.

This means that whatever happens to one particle will directly and instantaneously affect the other – even if it’s light-years away.

Okay, now let’s combine the two.

In his new paper, Susskind proposes a scenario where hypothetical Alice and Bob each take a bunch of entangled particles – Alice takes one member of each pair, and Bob takes the other, and they fly off in opposite directions of the Universe in their hypothetical hypersonic jets.

Once in their separate positions, Alice and Bob smash their particles together with such great force, they create two separate black holes.

The result, says Susskind, is two entangled black holes on opposite sides of the Universe, linked in the middle by a giant wormhole.

“If ER = EPR is right, a wormhole will link those black holes; entanglement, therefore, can be described using the geometry of wormholes,” says Tom Siegfried over at Science News.

“Even more remarkable … is the possibility that two entangled subatomic particles alone are themselves somehow connected by a sort of quantum wormhole,” Siegfried adds.

“Since wormholes are contortions of spacetime geometry – described by Einstein’s gravitational equations – identifying them with quantum entanglement would forge a link between gravity and quantum mechanics.”

Is Susskind right? It’s impossible to say just yet, because while he’s published his paper on pre-press website arXiv.org to be openly scrutinised by his peers, it’s yet to go through the formal peer-review process.

But, as Siegfried reports, Susskind isn’t the only one going down this path. Earlier this year, a team of Caltech physicists came up with a similar hypothesis when they attempted to show how changes in quantum states can be linked to curves in spacetime geometry.

In a blog post describing the hypothesis, one of the team, Sean M. Carroll, says the most natural relationship between energy and spacetime curvature in this scenario is given by Einstein’s equation for general relativity.

“The claim, in its most dramatic-sounding form, is that gravity (spacetime curvature caused by energy/momentum) isn’t hard to obtain in quantum mechanics – it’s automatic! Or at least, the most natural thing to expect,” he says.

We’ll have to wait and see if ER = EPR or something closely related bears out, but it’s certainly food for thought, and Susskind for one thinks he’s on to something here.

“To me it seems obvious that if ER = EPR is true, it is a very big deal, and it must affect the foundations and interpretation of quantum mechanics,” he writes, adding that if he’s right, “quantum mechanics and gravity are far more tightly related than we (or at least I) had ever imagined”.

General relativity at 100

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In November 1915, Albert Einstein put the finishing touches on his radical reinvention of space, time, gravity and the Universe itself. Throughout the following 100 years, experimenters have confirmed the general theory of relativity to ever-higher precision, and theorists have unravelled implications of it that even Einstein had not dreamed of, from black holes to the Big Bang. In this special collection and in a companion e-book, Nature celebrates the past triumphs of Einstein’s creation and the milestones yet to come.

Stephen Hawking snared the world’s attention.

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At the centre of the Milky Way galaxy, there is thought to be a supermassive black hole christened Sagittarius A*.

Stephen Hawking snared the world’s attention—as he often does—recently by rethinking the black hole, an object that has had an insidiously genius impact on the way physicists think about the universe.

Isaac Newton imagined the gravitational force to be the never-repulsive force that acted on all massive bodies. And in imagining so, the biggest problems of his time were presented by the motion of planets in the Solar System around the Sun. In 1684, Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke and Edmund Halley met at a coffee shop in England to discuss planetary physics. In their conversation, the doubt arose as to what the shape of the path was that a planet took in its journey around the Sun.

Following this meeting, Halley paid a visit to Newton in an attempt to get the question answered. When asked, Newton didn’t hesitate to say they’d be elliptical. When asked for the solution, Newton told Halley that he’d misplaced it and would recreate it for him soon. This incident is acknowledged to have prompted Newton to compose hisPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in the next 18 months. And in thePrincipia, Newton had this paragraph:

“From the three last Propositions it follows, that if any body P goes from the place P with any velocity in the direction of any right line PR, and at the same time is urged by the action of a centripetal force that is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the places from the centre, the body will move in one of the conic sections, having its focus in the centre of force; and conversely.”

While Newton says the path is conical—like an ellipse—he doesn’t provide a proof, and so Halley’s request went unanswered. Nevertheless, the Principia became the first major work of science in centuries and provided the dominant foundation for at least two more centuries of physical study.

In 1783, the geologist John Michell wrote a letter to the chemist Henry Canevdish discussing the masses and motion of celestial bodies in which he contemplates the idea of a star so dense that even light cannot escape it. This idea was discouraged because it disagreed with the Newtonian zeitgeist of the time. In fact, there were so many things dreamt of in his philosophy that it was not until Albert Einstein’s coming that the theory of gravitation could accommodate all the paradigm-altering discoveries that had been made until then.

The continuum

And in his turn, Einstein birthed the beginnings of an outrageous legacy in 1915, when he published his first paper on general relativity. This theory presented a new way of looking at gravity: it was no longer just the force that acted on all massive bodies but also the force that arose out of the curvature of the space-time continuum.

The theory of general relativity (GR) works out well on paper. To date, a few experimental proofs of the theory have been acquired (gravitational lensing, for one). However, the outrageousness stems from a unique possibility—even a Gödelian inconsistency—that GR allows for: the black hole.

To employ the cliché, imagine space-time to be a fabric of smooth weave that you’re holding between your outstretched arms. Now, imagine how the weave would bend down if you dropped a heavy marble onto it. That’s how space-time would be bent, too, if the marble were Earth. And the bending would be attributed to Earth’s gravitational field.

In another instance, instead of a marble, drop a bowling ball onto the fabric. Assuming you’re unable to carry the weight, you let the ball and the fabric drop to the floor, where it is completely wrapped around the ball.

This is what happens to space-time in the presence of a black hole. There is a distortion of the continuum—as if the ‘rest’ of space-time cannot reach within the black hole itself. Even though its tremendous gravitational strength is understood to be centred at its core, a black hole is thought to begin to the world outside at the event horizon, the distance from the black hole beyond which it is impossible to escape its pull.

They are formed when the gravitational field in a volume of space collapses inward to some point. Such a collapse is thought to be triggered when a suitably heavy star runs out of fuel, blows away its outermost gaseous layers, while the rest of the star is unable to resist the gravitational temptation of shooting into the core.

If the star is heavier than the Chandrasekhar limit but lighter than the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) limit, the inward collapse is prevented by the formation of a smaller neutron star, at which point there is a bounce-back followed by a vicious titanic explosion called a supernova. If the star is heavier than the TOV limit, then the inward collapse could result in the formation of a black hole—one of the better understood processes of black-hole formation.

Paradoxes

Thanks to the ‘Golden Age of general relativity’ in the mid-20th century, we’re in a position to better understand these enigmatic objects. Some of the notable physicists who made heady theoretical progress in this era include David Finkelstein, Werner Israel, Ezra Newman, James Bardeen, Roy Kerr, Evgeny Lifshitz, Brandon Carter, Jacob Bekenstein, Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking.

Among them, Stephen Hawking is to this day considered to be the first-among-equals when it comes to expertise on black holes. Alongside Bardeen, Bekenstein, Carter, Penrose and others, Hawking was responsible for establishing many properties of black holes and how they could be determined. Around this time, an interesting paradox was discovered by Hawking and Bekenstein about black holes—the beginnings of a problem that Hawking attempted to resolve last week.

In 1974, they discovered—theoretically—that black holes emit some radiation, as if it was running a fever on account of all that it had swallowed. This radiation is called Hawking radiation. The heavier a black hole is, the weaker is its Hawking radiation.

Conversely, smaller black holes should be letting off their energy faster through Hawking radiation and, hypothetically, completely evaporate over time. In fact, NASA’s Fermi telescope is out there orbiting Earth while looking out for this black-hole wheeze in the darker depths of space.

“Black holes have no hair”

In the meantime, in 1973, the physicists Charles Misner, Kip Thorne and John Wheeler had established the intriguingly titled no-hair theorem. They argued that no matter the process of formation of a black hole, all black holes could be understood in terms of three basic properties: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum.

So, no matter if a black hole had formed by the inward collapse of a bucket, a heavy star or the Solar System, it will be describable only in terms of its mass, electric charge, and angular momentum.

Now, imagine a black hole has already formed and you lob a bucket, a screwdriver and a building into it. Despite the initial nature of these objects, the black hole would emit Hawking radiation that is compositionally identical—in its randomness—in all three cases. And thanks to the no-hair theorem, the black hole’s characteristics also wouldn’t change.

For physicists, this is unacceptable because where, then, is the information of the bucket, the screwdriver, the building? Is it lost?

The dying astronaut

There are many competing answers to this problem: the information paradox. Between some ten options presented over the years, they violate one of, or a combination of, the law of conservation of energy, existing theories of gravity, the laws of black-hole thermodynamics, the viewpoint that nature evolves with time, quantum theory, and GR.

One among these options was proposed by American physicist Joseph Polchinski; it is notable because it was an extension to this option that Hawking submitted a paper on January 22, drawing the attention of the world’s media. In 2012, Polchinski and two of his students at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, California, were wondering what would happen to an astronaut should he fall inside a black hole. Specifically, they were wondering how he would die.

As he started to sink toward the black hole’s centre, the gravitational force on him would continuously build up. Over time, he’d realize the part of his body closer to the centre was being pulled on stronger than the part farther away. Soon, because of this difference, he’d be ripped apart before all his parts would be compressed and, well, digested.

… but there was an issue.

Their calculations showed that quantum mechanical effects on the black hole’s event horizon would almost instantaneously burn the astronaut “to a crisp”, an outcome that contradicted general relativity. At the same time, the firewall idea was useful because it appeared to resolve the information paradox. According to Polchinski, the information of doomed objects would be stored in terms of its impact on all energy radiated from the black hole.

However, the violation of GR still remained. So, when Polchinski attempted to craft a scenario in which such a firewall doesn’t form, he was startled: he couldn’t do it without violating quantum mechanics.

Here was another paradox.

As physicist Raphael Bousso told Nature, the firewall idea “essentially pits quantum mechanics against general relativity, without giving us any clues as to which direction to go next.” Seen another way, it seems a solution would be found only in the conciliation of quantum theory and GR, a feat proving unachievable to this day.

Hawking’s solution(s)

At the 17th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation in Dublin, 2004, Hawking suggested that the information was never lost. His solution required that a ‘true’ event horizon never formed around a black hole, simply an ‘apparent horizon’ that let information gradually leak out.

At the time, this apparent solution meant Hawking losing a bet against another physicist, John Preskill, who had said that, of course, information wouldn’t be lost inside a black hole. On the other hand, the other person who had sided with Hawking against Preskill, Kip Thorne, couldn’t agree with Hawking’s solution.

And now, 10 years later, Hawking has expanded on the idea of this ‘apparent horizon’. In a yet-to-be-published paper titled ‘Information Preservation and Weather Forecasting for Black Holes’, Hawking has postulated that information that has gone inside a black hole isn’t lost, but actually comes out in a wildly mangled form.

Moreover, he has argued that although the information is there in that form, attempting to reconstruct it into what it was would be almost impossible—like forecasting weather. Essentially, he’s trying to eke out a solution that minimally violates quantum theory and GR. Even though this would change the mathematics behind physicists’ calculations, astronomers wouldn’t see any difference—if they were looking at a black hole, they’d still be looking at what seems like the event horizon even if it is, in fact, the apparent horizon.

So, through the years, our understanding of gravity has evolved—first on the basis of what we could observe, then to what we could speculate based on what we thought we knew, and then on to conceiving solutions based on what we think could be—to have become more discrete. Simultaneously, it seems only eventual that as we resolved the mechanisms of the cosmos by the principles of GR, the dominant theory of physics outside a black hole, and the effects of a singularity by the principles of quantum theory, our ultimate solution seems to lie at the boundary between the two: the event horizon.

And if Hawking is to be believed, event horizons would no longer even be the defining property of black holes.

Did Tesla Discover the Secrets of Antigravity?

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Nikola Tesla has been credited for the creation of much of the technology that we take for granted today. Without the genius of Tesla we would not have radio, television, AC electricity, Tesla coil, fluorescent lighting, neon lighting, radio control devices, robotics, x-rays, radar, microwaves and dozens of other amazing inventions.

Because of this, it is no surprise that Tesla also delved into the world of flight and possibly, antigravity. In fact, his last patent in 1928 (#1,655,114), was for a flying machine that resembled both a helicopter and an airplane. Before he died, Tesla reportedly devised plans for the engine of a spaceship. He called it the anti-electromagnetic field drive or Space Drive.

William R. Lyne writes in Occult Ether Physics, that a lecture Tesla prepared for the Institute of Immigrant Welfare (May. 12, 1938), dealt with his Dynamic Theory of Gravity. Tesla said in his lecture that this was:

“One of two far reaching discoveries, which I worked out in all details in the years 1893 and 1894.”

While researching Tesla’s statements, Lyne discovered that more complete statements concerning these discoveries could only be gleaned from scattered and sparse sources, because Tesla’s papers are concealed in government vaults for national security reasons.

When Lyne specifically asked for these papers at the National Security Research Center (now the Robert J. Oppenheimer Research Center) in 1979, he was denied access because they were still classified. In his 1938 lecture, Tesla said he was progressing with the work, and hoped to give the theory to the world very soon.

 

The two great discoveries to which Tesla referred, were:

  1. The Dynamic Theory of Gravity – which assumed a field of force which accounts for the motions of bodies in space; assumption of this field of force dispenses with the concept of space curvature (ala Einstein); the ether has an indispensable function in the phenomena (of universal gravity, inertia, momentum, and movement of heavenly bodies, as well as all atomic and molecular matter).
  2. Environmental Energy – the Discovery of a new physical Truth: there is no energy in matter other than that received from the environment. (Which goes against Einstein’s E=mc2). The usual Tesla birthday announcement -on his 79th birthday (1935) -Tesla made a brief reference to the theory saying it applies to molecules and atoms as well as to the largest heavenly bodies, and to “… all matter in the universe in any phase of its existence from its very formation to its ultimate disintegration.”

In an article, Man’s Greatest Achievement(below insert), Tesla outlined his Dynamic Theory of Gravity by saying that the luminiferous ether fills all space.

The ether is acted upon by the life-giving creative force and is thrown into “infinitesimal whirls” (“micro helices”) at near the speed of light, becoming ponderable matter. When the force subsides and motion ceases, matter reverts to the ether (a form of “atomic decay”).

Man can harness these processes to:

  • Precipitate matter from the ether.
  • Create whatever he wants with the matter and energy derived.
  • Alter the earth’s size.
  • Control earth’s seasons (weather control).
  • Guide earth’s path through the Universe, like a spaceship.
  • Cause the collisions of planets to produce new suns and stars, heat, and light.
  • Originate and develop life in infinite forms.

When Tesla was 82, instead of speaking at a dinner party, he issued a written statement. Although this was soon after he had been struck by a car, his mind was obviously still capable of mounting an attack on Einstein’s theory of relativity:

“I have worked out a dynamic theory of gravity in all details and hope to give this to the world very soon. It explains the causes of this force and the motions of heavenly bodies under its influence so satisfactorily that it will put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space. According to the relativists, space has a tendency to curvature owing to an inherent property or presence of celestial bodies.

“Granting a semblance of reality to this fantastic idea, it is still very self-contradictory. Every action is accompanied by an equivalent reaction and the effects of the latter are directly opposite to those of the former. Supposing that the bodies act upon the surrounding space causing curvature of the same, it appears to my simple mind that the curved spaces must react on the bodies and, producing the opposite effects, straighten out the curves.

“Since action and reaction are coexistent, it follows that the supposed curvature of space is entirely impossible -However, even if it existed it would not explain the motions of the bodies as observed. Only the existence of a field of force can account for them and its assumption dispenses with space curvature. All literature on this subject is futile and destined to oblivion.”

It is a great pity that Tesla never published his dynamic theory of gravity. Modern thinking about gravity suggests that when a heavy object moves it emits gravitational waves that radiate at the speed of light. These gravity waves behave in similar ways to many other types of waves.

Tesla’s greatest inventions were all based on the study of waves. He always considered sound, light, heat, X-rays and radio waves to be related phenomena that could be studied using the same sort of maths. His differences with Einstein suggest that he had extended this thinking to gravity.

In the 1980s he was proved to be right. A study of energy loss in a double neutron star pulsar called PSR 1913 + 16 proved that gravity waves exist. Tesla’s idea that gravity is a field effect is now taken more seriously than Einstein took it.

Unfortunately, Tesla never revealed what had led him to this conclusion. He never explained his theory of gravitation to the world. The attack he made on Einstein’s work was considered outrageous by the scientific establishment of the time, and only now do we have enough understanding of gravity to realize that he was right.

How to Build a Flying Saucer

Tesla had discovered that the electrostatic emission from the surface of a conductor will always concentrate where the surface curves or even presents an edge. The sharper the curve or edge, the greater the concentration of electron emission. Tesla also observed that an electrostatic charge will flow over the surface of a conductor rather than penetrate it. This is called the Faraday or Skin Effect, discovered by Michael Faraday many years ago.

This also explains the principles of the Faraday Cage which is used in high voltage research labs to protect humans and electrosensitive equipment from harm. According to eyewitness reports of interiors of UFOs, there is a circular column or channel through the center of the vehicle.

This reportedly serves as a superstructure for the rest of the saucer shaped vehicle, and also carries a high voltage, high frequency coil. It is believed to be a resonant transformer which gives the electrostatic and electromagnetic charge to the craft and establishes polarity.

This coil is relative to what is known as a Tesla coil. The Tesla Coil of course, was invented by Tesla in 1891. This column or channel is approximately two feet in diameter and is hollow. On some vehicles this hollow area has a turbine generator in it.

When the vacuum is created on one hemisphere of the craft, the atmospheric pressure is allowed to rush through the tube to drive a sort of turbine electrical generator. Some reports say the extraterrestrials use this system as stationary power plants for electrical energy on their planets as well.

The eyes of the craft are arranged by electro-optic lenses placed at quadrants or wherever they wish to see from. The screen-like monitors are placed on a console where the navigator can observe all areas around and about the vehicle at the same time. This includes the magnification lenses which are used without changing positions.

There are also windows about elbow level and about one foot through or thick. This distance would have to be in view of the four or more walls or plates of the capacitor hulls making up the major portion of the craft. The windows have an iris type of shutter so that when it is closed, it allows electrostatic charge to flow evenly.

Dr T. Townsend Brown and Electrogravitics

The idea of using high voltage electricity as a means of propulsion is not new. Tesla laid the groundwork in the late 19th century which was then continued by such notables as Thomas Townsend Brown, who discovered in 1923 what was later called the Biefeld -Brown Effect.

Thomas Townsend Brown, was a physics student of Dr. Paul Alfred Biefeld at the California Institute for Advanced Studies. Brown noticed that when he had two plates carrying high voltages of direct current separated by a dielectric, the negative electrode moved by itself in the direction of the positive plate. In other words, Townsend Brown discovered that it is possible to create an artificial gravity field by charging an electrical capacitor to a high-voltage.

He built a special capacitor which utilized a heavy, high charge-accumulating (high K-factor) dielectric material between its plates and found that when charges with between 70,000 to 300,000 volts, it would move in the direction of its positive pole. When oriented with its positive side up, it would proceed to lose about one percent of it’s weight.

He attributed this motion to an electrostatically-induced gravity field acting between the capacitor’s oppositely charged plates. By 1958, he had succeeded in developing a 15 inch diameter model saucer that could lift over 110% of its weight. Brown’s experiments had launched a new field of investigation which came to be known as Electrogravitics, the technology of controlling gravity through the use of high-voltage electric charge.

As early as 1952, an Air Force major general witnessed a demonstration in which Brown flew a pair of 18 inch disc airfoils suspended from opposite ends of a rota-table arm. When electrified with 50,000 volts, they circuited at a speed of 12 miles per hour.

About a year later, he flew a set of 3 foot diameter saucers for some Air Force officials and representatives from a number of major aircraft companies. When energized with 150,000 volts, the discs sped around the 50 foot diameter course so fast that the subject was immediately classified.

Interavia magazine later reported that the discs could attain speeds of several hundred miles per hour when charged with several hundred thousand volts. Brown’s discs were charged with a high positive voltage, on a wire, running along their leading edge and a high negative voltage, on a wire, running along their trailing edge.

As the wires ionized the air around them, a dense cloud of positive ions would form ahead of the craft and corresponding cloud of negative ions would form behind the craft. Brown’s research indicated that, like the charged plates of his capacitors, these ion clouds induced a gravitational force directed in the minus to plus direction.

As the disc moved forward in the response to its self generated gravity field, it would carry with it its positive and negative ion clouds and their associated electrogravity gradient. Consequently, the discs would ride their advancing gravity wave much like surfers ride an ocean wave.

Dr. Mason Rose, one of Townsend’s colleagues, described the discs principle of operation as follows:

“The saucers made by Brown have no propellers, no jets, no moving parts at all. They create a modification of the gravitational field around themselves, which is analogous to putting them on the incline of a hill.

They act like a surfboard on a wave… the electrogravitational saucer creates its own hill, which is a local distortion of the gravitational field, then it takes this hill with it in any chosen direction and at any rate.

“The occupants of one of [Brown’s] saucers would feel no stress at all no matter how sharp the turn or how great the acceleration. This is because the ship and its occupants and the load are all responding equally to the wave-like distortion of the local gravitation field.”

Although skeptics at first thought that the discs were propelled by more mundane effects such as the pressure of negative ions striking the positive electrode. Brown later carried out vacuum chamber tests which proved that a force was present even in the absence of such ion thrust.

He did not offer a theory to explain this unconventional electrogravitic phenomenon; except to say that it was predicted neither by general relativity nor by modern theories of electromagnetism. However, recent advances in theoretical physics provide a rather straightforward explanation of the principle.

According to the novel physics of subquantum kinetics, gravity potential can adopt two polarities, instead of one. Not only can a gravity field exist in the form of a matter-attracting gravity potential well, as standard physics teaches, but it can also exist in the form of a matter repelling gravity potential hill.

Moreover, it predicts that these gravity polarities should be directly matched with electrical polarity; positively charged particles such as protons generating gravity wells and negatively charged particles such as electrons generating gravity hills.

Thus contrary to conventional theory, the electron produces a matter-repelling gravity field. Electrical neutral matter remains gravitationally attractive because of the proton’s G-well marginally dominates the electron’s G-hill. Consequently, subquantum kinetics predicts that the negative ion cloud behind Brown’s disc should form a matter repelling gravity hill while the positive ion cloud ahead of the disc should form a matter attracting gravity well.

As increasing voltage is applied to the disc, the gravity potential hill and well become increasing prominent and the gravity potential gradient between them increasing steep. In Rose’s terminology, the craft would find itself on the incline of a gravitational hill. Since gravity force is known to increase in accordance with the steepness of such a gravity potential slope, increased voltage would induce an increasingly strong gravity force on the disc and would act in the direction of the positive ion cloud. The disc would behave as if it was being tugged by a very strong gravitational field emanating from an invisible planet sized mass positioned beyond its positive pole.

Early in 1952 Brown had put together a proposal, code named Project Winterhaven, which suggested that the military developed an antigravity combat saucer with Mach-3 capability. The 1956 intelligence study entitled Electrogravitics Systems – An Explanation of Electrostatic Motion, Dynamic Counterbary and Barycentric Control, prepared by the private aviation intelligence firm, Aviation Studies International Ltd., indicates that as early as November 1954 the Air Force had begun plans to fund research that would accomplish Project Winterhaven’s objectives.

The study, originally classified Confidential, mentions the name of more than ten major aircraft companies which were actively involved in the electrogravitics research in an attempt to duplicate or extend Brown’s seminal work. Additional information is to be found in another aviation intelligence report entitled: The Gravitics Situation.

 

Unfortunately, due to the militaries TOP SECRET classification, Townsend Brown’s work has not appeared in any physics or science publications that can be accessed.

Article Reveals Government Research

Because of the influence of such pioneers as Tesla and T. Townsend Brown, the research and development of antigravity devices has been ongoing for a number of years. The June 1957 issue of Mechanic’s Illustrated featured an article by G. Harry Stine entitled: Conquest of Space. Stine, the Chief of Navy Range Operations at White Sands Proving Grounds, makes it perfectly clear that the military was extremely interested in antigravity research.

There is a good chance that the rocket will be obsolete for space travel within 50 years. Some of us have been concentrating on the development of the rocket as the possible power plant for outer space propulsion. We’ve fired a lot of rockets and we’ve proved that they will work well in outer space. We’ve also learned a lot about what’s out there by using rockets. And probably we will take the first few faltering steps into space with rocket power plants.

But recent discoveries indicate that the spaceship of the future may be powered by anti-gravity devices. These, instead of using brute force to overcome gravity, will use the force of gravity itself much as an airplane uses the air to make it fly.

Sir William Crookes, the English scientist who developed the cathode-ray tube we now use for television, made extensive investigations of levitation phenomena -a field that once belonged to vaudeville magicians. Scientists, reasoning that if they believed his reports of weird green glows in vacuum tubes they should also

look into Crookes’ levitation studies, have been making slow but steady progress. Others have been investigating the fields of gravitic isotopes, jet electron streams, and the mechanics of the electron shells of atoms.

Townsend T. Brown, an American investigator, has gone even further than that. There are rumors that Brown has developed a real antigravity machine. There are many firms working on the problems of antigravity – the Glenn L.Martin Co., Bell Aircraft, General Electric, Sperry-Rand Corp. and others.

Rumors have been circulating that scientists have built disc airfoils two feet in diameter incorporating a variation of the simple two-plate electrical condenser (capacitor), which charged to a potential of 50,000 volts, has achieved a speed of seventeen feet per second with a total energy input of fifty watts.

A three-foot diameter disc airfoil charged to 150 Kilovolts turned out such an amazing performance that the whole thing was immediately classified. Flame-jet generators, making use of the electrostatic charge discovered in rocket exhausts, have been developed which will supply charges up to 15 million volts.

Several important things have been discovered with regard to gravity propulsion. For one, the propulsive force doesn’t act on only one part of the ship it is pushing; it acts on all parts within the gravity field created by the gravitic drive. It probably is not limited to the speed of light.

Gravity-powered vehicles have apparently changed direction, accelerated rapidly at very high g’s and stopped abruptly without any heavy stresses being experienced by the measuring devices aboard the vehicle and within the gravity-propulsion field. This control is done by changing the direction, intensity and polarity of the charge on the condenser plates of the drive unit, a fairly simple task for scientists.

Sounds incredible, doesn’t it?

 

But the information comes from reliable sources. We are licking the problems of gravity. Indications are that we are on the verge of tapping a brand new group of electrical waves which link electricity and gravity. Electronic engineers have taken the electrical coil and used it as a link between electricity and electro-magnetism, thus giving us a science of electromagnetic’s which in turn has given us such things as radio, television, radar and the like.

Now, gravity researchers seem to think that the condenser will open up the science of electrogravitics. Soon we may be able to eliminate gravity as a structural, dynamic and medical problem.

Although we will probably use rocket power to make our first explorations into space, the chances are now pretty good that this will not always be the case. In 50 years we may travel to the moon, the planets or even the stars propelled by the harnessed forces of gravity.

If this seems fantastic, remember that the rocket and the idea of a trip to the moon was fantastic twenty years ago. Fifty years ago the idea of commercial air travel was utter nonsense.

With gravitic spaceships, we may travel to the moon in less than an hour, to the planets in less than a day or to the stars themselves in a matter of months. We may be able to do it in absolute comfort without the problems of zero-gravity or high accelerations.

The idea of the rocket becoming obsolete is not a happy idea, particularly when so much work has been done on rockets. If a better method comes along, why shed tears? After all, our basic goal is to travel and explore in space and it doesn’t make much difference how we do it.

Is Antigravity Already in Use?

Recently an article appeared in Jane’s Aviation Weekly that stated the B-2 Stealth Nuclear-Strike Bomber is in fact, currently using an electrogravitic propulsion system. Paul A. LaViolette has done considerable study on the use of electrogravitic technology by the U.S. Air Force, which has conducted secret Black Project research on the matter since late 1954.

LaViolette contends that electrogravitics may have been put to practical use in the B-2 Advanced Technology Bomber to provide an exotic auxiliary mode of propulsion. This conclusion is based on the recent disclosure that the B-2 charges both its wing leading edge and jet exhaust stream to a high voltage.

Positive ions emitted from its wing leading edge would produce a positively charged parabolic ion sheath ahead of the craft while negative ions injected into it’s exhaust stream would set up a trailing negative space charge with a potential difference in excess of 15 million volts.

According to electrogravitic research carried out by Tesla and T. Townsend Brown, such a differential space charge would set up an artificial gravity field that would induce a reactionless force on the aircraft in the direction of the positive pole.

An electrogravitic drive of this sort could allow the B-2 to function with over-unity propulsion efficiency when cruising at supersonic velocities. On March 9, 1992, Aviation Week And Space Technology magazine made a surprising disclosure that the B-2 electrostatically charges its exhaust stream and the leading edges of its wing-like body.

Those familiar with the research of Tesla in the early 20th century will quickly realize that this is tantamount to stating that the B-2 is able to function as an antigravity aircraft. Aviation Week obtained their information about the B-2 from a small group of renegade west coast scientists and engineers who were formerly associated with black research projects.

In making these disclosures, these scientists broke a code of silence that rivals the Mafia’s. They took the risk because they felt that it was important for economic reasons that efforts be made to declassify certain black technologies for commercial use.

Two of these individuals said that their civil rights had been blatantly abused (in the name of security) either to keep them quiet or to prevent them from leaving the tightly controlled black research and development community. Although the scientists mentioned nothing about electrogravitics in their Aviation Week disclosure about the B-2, they did admit to the existence of very dramatic, classified technologies applicable to aircraft control and propulsion.

They were especially hesitant to discuss these projects, noting that they are very secret. One of them commented:

“Besides, it would take about 20 hours to explain the principles, and very few people would understand them anyway.”

Apparently what he meant is that this aircraft control and propulsion technology is based on principles that go beyond what is currently known and understood by most academic physicists. That is with the exception of two geniuses who developed the original ideas for high voltage electric drives decades ago.

It must be also considered that the B-2 is now no longer the only aircraft to use such technologies. Since that time an entire generation of black budget secret aircraft may have been developed with electrogravitic systems.

Art Bells Mysterious Metal -The Key to Antigravity

The suggestion that UFOs could be manmade flying machines using exotic technologies is not new to the study of unidentified flying objects. In the 1950’s several researchers in Europe claimed that Tesla and Marconi had secretly built and tested operational antigravity aircraft. Using electrogravitic drives, these experimental aircraft were eventually based out of a secret location in South America.

Allegedly, Nazi Germany got a hold of this technology and produced several antigravity flying saucers of their own. Fortunately, by the time Hitler decided to dedicate more time and funds to the Nazi flying saucer project, the war was almost over for the Germans. Of course by that time Tesla had passed away, but it is almost certain that he would have been horrified by the use of his invention by the Germans.

Early evidence for these anecdotal tales was scant and consisted almost entirely of discovered research papers and a few photos of similarly shaped UFOs. As has been already noted in this book, early UFO contactees such as George Adamski and Howard Menger witnessed and even photographed UFOs that bore a striking resemblance to the small discs built by T. Townsend Brown.

Could these UFOs actually be manmade machines flown by humans? Or were extraterrestrials flying around in spacecraft utilizing similar technology as that discovered by Tesla and Brown?

In 1996, late night radio host Art Bell received a package containing bits of metal that the sender claimed was taken from the crashed UFO found near Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. Could these unassuming pieces of metal be the evidence that proved the reality of UFOs and their use of electrogravitic technology? The pieces of metal seemed almost too good to be true and Bell was at first skeptical because of similar past hoaxes involving alleged parts from UFOs.

Bell sent a few samples to Linda Moulton Howe, who promptly had the metal analyzed. Using Wave Dispersive Spectroscopy, It was discovered that the metal was made up of a magnesium zinc alloy with pure bismuth layers. There was a range from 97 to about 97 -1/2 % magnesium and 3% to 2 -1/2 % zinc in each of those 100 to 200micron layers of the magnesium zinc, so the metal was almost entirely magnesium with about 3% zinc.

The pure bismuth layers were one to four microns thick in a slightly wavy pattern and nothing else but bismuth was found. No oxygen was found, no zirconium, no other elements -just these three.

High energy experiments conducted on the unusual metal indicated a tendency for lateral movement. Unfortunately, this research has not resulted in any solid conclusions at this time.

After this information was broadcast on Art’s show, Howe received a fax from a listener named Dan who indicated he had professional knowledge that would relate the material to antigravity. He had worked from 1973 to 1980 for an organization called Aeronautical Systems Division at Edwards Air Force Base in California with some assignments at Wright Patterson in Ohio.

Dan received bachelors degrees in physics, aerospace engineering and computer science from California Polytechnic State University, a masters degrees in computer science and aerospace engineering from the University of California at Berkley and then received his Ph.D. in physics in 1974 after he had already begun work as a civilian scientist for the Air Force.

Dan told Howe that he had been involved in aeronautical engineering and evaluations when he first saw metal similar to what was sent to Art bell. The metal supposedly was used in a electrogravitic capacity.

 

In the case of bismuth, its basically a diamagnetic material which means it tends to repel a magnetic field.

“There were very strange things that were bound with bismuth as basically positive charges were added to it, you know, putting a field, a positive electron field into the bismuth,” Dan said to Howe.

 

“As a matter of fact they were very dramatic, some of the things that they found. A lot of this goes all the way back to 1917 with Nikola Tesla and his discoveries of electrical fields and gravity.”

Howe wanted to know what was the most dramatic thing that would happen as the positive flow was increased into bismuth. Dan’s answer was that basically there would be a mass reduction to the point where it could come to zero and actually rise into the air, creating a lifting body.

A now defunct UFO group in England claimed that one of their members had conducted experiments with dissimilar metals in the 1970’s. He used two disks of the same dimension and thickness but of two different materials, copper and zinc. The disks were kept very close together and rotated in opposite directions. The claim was they levitated when spun, though the comment did not specify the requirement for high voltage as in the case of the Biefeld/Brown effect.

It was simply rotation of mass which is more consistent with Otis T. Carr, Bruce DePalma and Dr. Harold Aspden, with their claims of anomalous inertial or gravitic effects associated with rotating mass.

An interesting story was told at the recent Low Level Energy Conference by Michael Roberts, President of the Association for Push Gravity Research. One day a few years ago, he got a phone call at his home in Waco. It was from a fellow who had stopped in Waco and wanted to meet Michael at a local mall.

Michael drove out to the mall and the man was parked, in his late model Jeep in a remote section of the parking lot. They shook hands and talked a bit. The man said he would like to show Michael what he had been working on.

The Jeep engine was off, the vehicle was put in neutral and was not braked in anyway. Michael was asked to push the vehicle. He did so with both hands, meeting an expected amount of resistance before he got it moving.

The man got in and braked the vehicle. He then showed Michael four mystery boxes (each about 12″ x 6″ x 4″), mounted in the top of each wheel well of the Jeep. Each box had an electrical cable that led under the hood. Michael was not allowed to see under the hood.

Immediately after the push test, the man got in the Jeep and flicked a toggle switch which had been installed under the dashboard. Michael was then asked to push the Jeep again, this time it moved with the light touch of one hand. The man would say nothing about how this miracle was accomplished, he just wanted to show Michael that it was possible to achieve an antigravity effect using electricity.

One possible explanation may be that the four boxes acted to provide a stabilized buoyancy type field, like pontoons on a boat. The use of only one would deflect the incoming gravity in one localized area, thus creating an imbalance. Whereas one unit over each wheel would equally distribute the deflection around the center of mass of the Jeep.

The book Occult Ether Physics: Testa’s Hidden Space Propulsion System And The Conspiracy To Conceal It, concentrates on the 19th century Aether science leading up to Tesla’s discovery of electro-propulsion. Tesla’s holy grail was to build his electric flying machine, and to draw some of the environmental energy out of the cosmos.

This plan involved a theory of radioactivity under development by Tesla in the 1890s, which entirely presaged and conflicted with currently accepted Relativism, quantum mechanics, and nuclear energy theories. To Tesla, so-called atomic energy was in fact the result of environmental energy emanating from the cosmos, and made known to us via radioactive matter. This matter, Tesla said, had the peculiar property of resonating and reacting with ubiquitous cosmic radiation.

The cosmic radiation of which Tesla spoke was of much higher frequency than what we call radioactive emanations. Tesla believed that these were the result of a step-down process, in which certain peculiar matter reacts to and converts ubiquitous, omnidirectional cosmic radiation.

Today, we call this zero point radiation (ZPR), from higher frequencies, to lower, more useful and appropriate frequencies, such as gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, as well as magnetism and even electrical current. These step-down frequencies are much easier to detect and measure than the ZPR.

The existence of the ZPR was well known to Tesla in the 1890s, but it was not until recently that it became scientifically accepted as a proven fact. This radiation is of such high frequency that it normally passes through space, the earth, and our bodies without harm or incident, in constant equilibrium, because its short wavelengths do not normally react or resonate with the atoms of most matter.

It is radioactive matter, according to Tesla, which has a peculiar atomic structure which reacts with this radiation to produce radioactivity. Atomic energy, to Tesla, comes from the ZPR, not atoms. If a lump of radium could be shielded from the effects of the ZPR, said Tesla, it would show no radioactivity.

Most naturally radioactive elements are dense and unstable, that is, they are said by the Relativists to decay as radiation is emitted, to elements of lower atomic numbers. The Relativists, with whom Tesla vehemently disagreed, believe that naturally radioactive elements spontaneously lose mass in the process of such decay, so that the energy released as radioactivity, is equivalent to the lost mass according to Einstein’s equation, E=mc2.

If non-radioactive elements are converted into radioactive elements by the forces of nature, what are these processes? In a New York Times article of July 11, 1937 (pg.13, col.2), in one of Tesla’s famous birthday announcements, Tesla stated that he had developed a process for the manufacture of radium (transmutation from other elements), which was so efficient that it could be sold for $1.00 per pound.

He also announced that he had absolutely developed a system for the interstellar transmission of energy. He said he had been working in several laboratories, but refused to disclose their locations.

His working model, he said,

“…employs more than three dozen of my inventions. It is a complex apparatus, an agglomeration of parts. It could convey several thousand units of horsepower to other planets, regardless of the distance. Traveling through a channel of less than one-half of one-millionth of a centimeter.”

Further, he said,

“This is not an experiment. I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world.”

These facts demonstrate that even in his 80s, Tesla was involved in secret research at several undisclosed laboratories, on technology which even today remains highly classified. Technology that is only now being fully understood and secretly utilized.

The Tesla Flying Saucer

Bill Jones, writing for The UFO Enigma, the newsletter for the UFO Study Group of greater St. Louis, comments that Tesla did the basic research for constructing electromagnetic field lift-and-drive aircraft/spacecraft. From 1891 to 1893, he gave a set of lectures and demonstrations to groups of electrical engineers.

As part of each show, Tesla stood in the middle of the stage, using his 6′ 6″ height, with an assistant on either side, each seven feet away. All three men wore thick cork or rubber shoe soles to avoid being electrically grounded. Each assistant held a wire, part of a high voltage, low current circuit.

When Tesla raised his arms to each side, violet colored electricity jumped harmlessly across the gaps between the men. At high voltage and frequency in this arrangement, electricity flows over a surface, even the skin, rather than into it. This is a basic circuit which could be used by aircraft/spacecraft.

The hull is best made double, of thin, machinable, slightly flexible ceramic. This becomes a good electrical insulator, has no fire danger, resists any damaging effects of severe heat and cold, and has the hardness of armor, besides being easy for magnetic fields to pass through.

The inner hull is covered on it’s outside by wedge shaped thin metal sheets of copper or aluminum, bonded to the ceramic. Each sheet is three to four feet wide at the horizontal rim of the hull and tapers to a few inches wide at the top of the hull for the top set of metal sheets, or at the bottom for the bottom set of sheets. Each sheet is separated on either side from the next sheet by 1 or 2 inches of uncovered ceramic hull.

The top set of sheets and bottom set of sheets are separated by about 6 inches of uncovered ceramic hull around the horizontal rim of the hull. The outer hull protects these sheets from being short-circuited by wind blown metal foil (Air Force radar confusing chaff), heavy rain or concentrations of gasoline or kerosene fumes.

If unshielded, fuel fumes could be electrostatically attracted to the hull sheets, burn and form carbon deposits across the insulating gaps between the sheets, causing a short-circuit. The space, the outer hull with a slight negative charge, would absorb hits from micro-meteorites and cosmic rays (protons moving at near the speed of light).

Any danger of this type that doesn’t already have a negative electric charge would get a negative charge in hitting the outer hull, and be repelled by the metal sheets before it could hit the inner hull. The hull can be made in a variety of shapes; sphere, football, disc, or streamlined rectangle or triangle, as long as these metal sheets,

“I am now planning aerial machines devoid of sustaining planes, ailerons, propellers and other external attachments, which will be capable of immense speeds.”

The power plant for this machine can be a nuclear fission or fusion reactor for long range and long-term use to run a steam engine which turns the generators. A short range machine can use a hydrogen oxygen fuel cell to run a low-voltage motor to turn the generators, occasionally recharging by hovering next to high voltage power lines and using antennas mounted on the outer hull to take in the electricity. The short-range machine can also have electricity beamed to it from a generating plant on a long-range aircraft/spacecraft or on the ground.

One standard for the generators is to have the same number of magnets as field coils. Tesla’s preferred design was a thin disc holding 480 magnets with 480 field coils wired in series surrounding it in close tolerance. At 50 revolutions per minute, it produces 19,400 cycles per second.

The electricity is fed into a number of large capacitors, one for each metal sheet. An automatic switch, adjustable in timing by the pilot, closes, and as the electricity jumps across the switch, back and forth, it raises it’s own frequency a switch being used for each capacitor.

The electricity goes into a Tesla transformer; again, one transformer for each capacitor. In an oil tank to insulate the windings and for cooling, and supported internally by wood, or plastic, pipe and fittings, each Tesla transformer looks like a short wider pipe that is moved along a longer, narrower pipe by an insulated non-electric cable handle. The short pipe, the primary, is six to ten windings (loops) of wire connected in series to the long pipe. The secondary is 460 to 600 windings, at the low voltage and frequency end.

The insulated non-electric cable handle is used through a set of automatic controls to move the primary coil to various places on the secondary coil. This is the frequency control. The secondary coil has a low frequency and voltage end and a maximum voltage and frequency end. The greater the frequency the electricity, the more it pushes against the earth’s electrostatic and electromagnetic fields.

The electricity comes out of the transformer at the high voltage end and goes by wire through the ceramic hull to the wide end of the metal sheet. The electricity jumps out on and flows over the metal sheet, giving off a very strong electromagnetic field, controlled by the transformer. At the narrow end of the metal sheet, most of the high-voltage push having been given off, the electricity goes back by wire through the hull to a circuit breaker box (emergency shut off).

In bright sunlight, the aircraft/spacecraft may seem surrounded by hot air, a slight magnetic distortion of the light. In semi-darkness and night, the metal sheets glow, even through the thin ceramic outer hull, with different colors. The visible light is a by-product of the electricity flowing over the metal sheets, according to the frequencies used.

Descending, landing or just starting to lift from the ground, the transformer primaries are near the secondary weak ends and therefore, the bottom set of sheets glow a misty red. Red may also appear at the front of the machine when it is moving forward fast, lessening resistance up front.

Orange appears for slow speed. Orange-yellow are for airplane-type speeds. Green and blue are for higher speeds. With a capacitor addition, making it oversized for the circuit, the blue becomes bright white, like a searchlight, with possible risk of damaging the metal sheets involved.

The highest visible frequency is violet, like Tesla’s stage demonstrations, used for the highest speed along with the bright white. The colors are nearly coherent, of a single frequency, like a laser. A machine built with a set of super conducting magnets would simplify and reduce electricity needs from a vehicle’s transformer circuits to the point of flying along efficiently and hovering with very little waste of electricity.

When Tesla was developing arc lights to run on alternating current, there was a bothersome high-pitched whine, whistle, or buzz, due to the electrodes rapidly heating and cooling. Tesla put this noise in the ultrasonic range with the special transformer already mentioned. The aircraft/spacecraft gives off such noises when working at low frequencies.

Timing is important in the operation of this machine. For every three metal sheets, when the middle one is briefly turned off, the sheet on either side is energized, giving off the magnetic field. The next instant, the middle sheet is energized, while the sheet on either side is briefly turned off.

There is a time delay in the capacitors recharging themselves, so at any time, half of all the metal sheets are energized and the other half are recharging, alternating all around the inner hull. This balances the machine, giving it very good stability. This balance is less when fewer of the circuits are in use.

At a fairly close range, the aircraft/spacecraft produces heating of persons and objects on the ground; but by hovering over an area at low altitude for maybe five or ten minutes, the machine also produces a column of very cold air down to the ground. As air molecules get into the strong magnetic fields that the machine is transmitting out, the air molecules become polarized and from lines, or strings, of air molecules.

The normal movement of the air is stopped, and there is suddenly a lot more room for air molecules in this area, so more air pours in. This expansion and the lack of normal air motion make the area intensely cold. This is also the reason that the aircraft/spacecraft can fly at supersonic speeds without making sonic booms.

As air flows over the hull, top and bottom, the air molecules form lines as they go through the magnetic fields of the metal sheet circuits. As the air molecules are left behind, they keep their line arrangements for a short time, long enough to cancel out the sonic boom shock waves.

Outside the earth’s magnetic field, another propulsion system must be used, which relies on the first. You may have read of particle accelerators, or cyclotrons, or atom smashers. A particle accelerator is a circular loop of pipe that, in cross-section, is oval.

In a physics laboratory, most of the air in it is pumped out. The pipe loop is given a static electric charge, a small amount of hydrogen or other gas is given the same electric charge so the particles won’t stick to the pipe. A set of electromagnets all around the pipe loop turn on and off, one after the other, pushing with one magnetic pole and pulling with the next, until those gas particles are racing around the pipe loop at nearly the speed of light.

Centrifugal force makes the particles speed closer to the outside edge of the pipe loop, still within the pipe. The particles break down into electrons, or light and other wavelengths, protons or cosmic rays, and neutrons if more than hydrogen is put in the accelerator.

At least two particle accelerators are used to balance each other and counter each other’s tendency to make the craft spin. Otherwise, the machine would tend to want to start spinning, following the direction of the force being applied to the particles. The accelerators push in opposite directions.

The high speed particles go out through straight lengths of pipe, charged like the loops and in speeding out into space, push the machine along. Doors control which pipes the particles leave from. This allows very long range acceleration and later deceleration at normal (earth) gravity. This avoids the severe problems of weightlessness, including lowered physical abilities of the crew. It is possible to use straight-line particle accelerators, even as few as one per machine, but these don’t seem as able to get the best machine speed for the least amount of particles pushed out.

Using a constant acceleration of 32.2 feet per second provides earth normal gravity in deep space and only two gravities of stress in leaving the earth’s gravity field. It takes, not counting air resistance, 18 minutes, 58.9521636 seconds to reach the 25,000 miles per hour speed to leave the earth’s gravity field.

A shortwave radio can be used to find the exact frequencies that an aircraft/spacecraft is using, for each of the colors it may show, a color television can show the same overall color frequency that the nearby, but not extremely close, craft is using. This is limited in its use, as a machine traveling at the speed of a jet airliner may broadcast in a frequency range usually used for radar sets.

The craft circuits would tend to override lower voltage electric circuits within and near their electromagnetic fields. One source briefly mentioned a 1941 incident, where a shortwave radio was used to override automobile ignition systems, up to three miles away.

 

How many UFO encounters have been reported in which automobile ignition systems have suddenly stopped?

Tesla’s Connection to Project Rainbow

Nikola Tesla has recently been the subject of controversy due to the claims of Al Bielek and Preston Nichols. These men have reported in a number of books and articles that Tesla was involved in one of the most disputed mysteries of World War II, The Philadelphia Experiment.

The Philadelphia Experiment, otherwise known as Project Rainbow, was allegedly an attempt by the Navy to create a ship that could not be detected by magnetic mines and or radar. However, its results were said to be far different and much more dangerous than the Navy ever expected.

In the early 1930’s, the University of Chicago investigated the possibility of invisibility through the use of electricity. This project was later moved to Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Studies where it was named Project Rainbow (project invisibility), and was founded in 1936.

Nikola Tesla was named Director of the project. Tesla was given anything that was required by him for the testing of the project. Tesla required and was given a navy battle ship on which the experiments were to be tested. The first test of invisibility occurred in 1940 and was slated as a full success when a navy ship with no crew on board vanished from this plane of existence.

The basic design, had two large Tesla coils (electromagnets) placed on each hull of the ship. The coils are turned on in a special sequence and their magnetic force is so powerful that they warp gravity itself.

Based in part on Tesla’s earlier electrogravitic experiments, Project Rainbow proved to be far more dangerous than was originally conceived.

 

Al Bielek claims that Tesla began to have doubts about the safety of the experiment due to his communications with extraterrestrials.

“Tesla had a press announcement in 1923 where he stated he was talking with ET’s off planet. Now after he retired from RCA he maintained a laboratory in his living quarters at the Hotel New Yorker. Unknown to most people he had a second laboratory which apparently was his main one on top of the Waldorf Astoria on the top floor and both penthouse towers.

“He maintained a transmitter setup on the Waldorf; and his receiving setup, his receiving antennas and receivers which had been built by RCA under his direction, were on the New Yorker. And I know two people who said they were working with Tesla, during that period, that he was using that equipment, he was talking with somebody, virtually every day, and one of them was emphatic: it was someone off planet. In plain language, he was communicating with ET’s.”

Tesla stated that there would be a serious problem with personnel if anyone were to enter the ship while the gauss coils were turned on and the Electro Magnetic radiation would damage them within this reality. He said in numerous occasions that he was in contact with extraterrestrials and that the ET’s had confirmed that there would be a problem with the experiment.

Tesla wanted to clarify the problem before any farther experiments would begin. However the Navy said no, they were fighting a war and wanted immediate results. On the second experiment, Tesla, fearing that there would be people hurt or killed in the experiment, decided to sabotage the 1942 test. He de-tuned the equipment so nothing would work and the test failed.

 

In July 1943, the destroyer U.S.S. Eldridge pulled into the Delaware Bay area for a United States Naval experiment that involved the task of making the ship invisible using Tesla technology.

 

The project’s official name was Project Rainbow, but is more commonly known as the Philadelphia Experiment

 

Source: http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net