5G wireless technology is a DISASTER waiting to happen
As 5G technology continues to be rolled out globally, concerns over its potential health and privacy impacts have reached a fever pitch. While some areas are actively embracing the latest generation of wireless communication, others are imposing moratoriums or outright bans.
Scientific findings indicate that 5G frequencies can influence our sweat ducts, essentially turning them into antennae. This revelation, as highlighted by scientist Dr. Ben-Ishai, raises concerns about the manipulation of our largest organ, the skin, through 5G interaction with sweat ducts.
5G amplifies EMF damage via VGCCs
Dr. Martin Pall’s research suggests that 5G can intensify electromagnetic field (EMF) damage by activating Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), potentially causing harm to fertility, brains, hearts and DNA.
Pulsed wave far more damaging than continuous wave radiation
The pulsed wave radiation emitted by 5G, unlike continuous-wave radiation, raises significant concerns. Dr. Pall’s research indicates that pulsed wave EMFs may be more active and harmful than their continuous wave counterparts.
5G promotes deep EMF penetration
Children, in particular, may be more vulnerable to 5G due to their smaller body size, which allows for deeper penetration of electromagnetic fields. Studies have linked mobile phone base stations to increased cataract formation in newborn calves, highlighting potential risks to human health.
5G is a weapons system disguised as a consumer convenience
Controversial claims by Mark Steele assert that 5G is a weapons system disguised as a consumer convenience. Steele argues that the dielectric lens found in 5G hardware is evidence of its weaponized nature.
LA firefighters develop ailments after being too close to towers
Reports of firefighters developing ailments after prolonged exposure to cell towers raise concerns about the health implications of 5G infrastructure. Similar cases suggest potential risks for other professions and the general public.
5G has same frequencies used by military for crowd dispersal
The millimeter-wave frequencies employed by 5G are the same frequencies used by the military for crowd dispersal, raising questions about the potential for harmful effects on human health.
5G is mutagenic (causing DNA damage) and carcinogenic (causing cancer)
Studies suggest that 5G may cause mitochondrial DNA damage, leading to mutagenesis and potential carcinogenesis. The long-term implications of 5G on genetic purity and its links to cancer warrant further investigation.
Phased array densification
The massive infrastructure creation required for 5G densification, with numerous transmitters and broadcasters planned in residential areas, raises concerns about the potential health effects of prolonged exposure.
Insects, birds and children are highly vulnerable to 5G
Insects, birds and children are considered highly vulnerable to 5G due to their body size. Claims that 5G may lead to the extinction of insects pose serious ecological concerns.
Space-based 5G
Plans to deploy 5G from space using thousands of satellites in low- and medium-Earth orbit raise questions about the unprecedented scope of the 5G grid. The integration of 5G into a broader command, control, surveillance and AI agenda is highlighted.
Re-radiation inside the body
Research suggests that 5G electromagnetic pulses may re-radiate inside the body, creating internal antennas and potentially causing unforeseen health effects.
Insurance companies refuse to underwrite wireless corporations
The refusal of insurance companies to underwrite wireless corporations against 5G-related claims raises eyebrows and underscores the lack of comprehensive safety testing.
The rollout of 5G is a significant technological leap, but the potential health and privacy risks associated with it cannot be ignored.
As concerns grow, there is a pressing need for comprehensive and independent research to assess the true impact of 5G on human health and the environment.
Activism, awareness and informed public discourse are crucial in addressing 5G dangers and ensuring a responsible and safe implementation of this technology.
New peer-reviewed research has found that children who get too close to 5G wireless towers develop serious health problems such as chronic headaches, stomach pain, and difficulty sleeping.
Three children and their parents came down with these and other symptoms after vacationing at a summer home located just 125 meters away from a mobile phone tower with multiple 5G antennas.
Published in the journal Annals of Clinical and Medical Case Reports, the study reveals that the family members’ symptoms quickly subsided after they left the summer home and went back to their regular home, which is not located as close to 5G antennas.
The children, who ranged in age from four to eight, also developed emotional symptoms from being in close proximity to the 5G antennas. These include heightened irritability as the radiation inflamed their senses.
(Related: Both 5G and 4G wireless technology are linked to cell tissue damage and DNA destruction.)
5G is a possible death sentence for humans
Dr. Lennart Hardell, a leading scientist on cancer risks from radiation, and Mona Nilsson put together their own report about how 5G affects the health of young children, with Hardell, an oncologist and epidemiologist, telling The Defender the following:
“It is well known in medicine that children are more sensitive to toxic agents than grownups. Moreover, they have a longer life expectancy so chronic health issues may develop over a longer time.”
According to Hardell, 5G is still “quite new,” which means there is very little study into its effects. It is almost as if government regulators gave the telecommunications industry rubber stamp approval for the wireless technology without having first proven that it is safe.
Miriam Eckenfels-Garcia, director of the Children’s Health Defense (CHD) Electromagnetic Radiation & Wireless program, stated that the 5G rollout is “another example of financial and industry interests trumping the protection of our children’s health.”
“As in this case study, we see the negative health impacts of this technology and instead of applying the precautionary principle until we can determine the full scope of health and environmental impacts, our government agencies – captured by industry – are allowing 5G to be installed anywhere and everywhere,” Eckenfels-Garcia told The Defender.
“CHD is doing all it can to push back against this dangerous development through litigation, education and advocacy, and we are grateful to scientists like Dr. Hardell and Mona Nilsson for shining light on these cases.”
For the vacation home study, the family who went there was asked to fill out a questionnaire following their visit about the symptoms they and their children suffered while on holiday. They were asked to rank the severity of each symptom on a scale from one to 10.
All three of the children, aged four, six and eight, reported having trouble sleeping and suffering emotional symptoms that included “irritability” and “emotive,” both of which ranked at a level 10, the highest level.
“Two of the children got diarrhea, pain in the stomach and headache graded between 8 and 3 on the severity scale,” the study states. “The child aged 6 years who did not get pain in the stomach and diarrhea, got skin rashes graded 8 on the severity scale.”
“The symptoms appeared soon after the arrival to the house and disappeared after they came home, where radiation levels were considerably lower.”
Responding to the findings, Nilsson, who manages the Swedish Radiation Protection Foundation, said that she finds them “very concerning,” adding that children of that age should not yet be suffering from such symptoms, though they increasingly are as the “expected effects from increasing exposure to RF radiation.”
A science paper published in MaterialsToday Chemistry reveals that cell phone signals can be used to release biological or chemical payloads from graphene oxide that’s introduced into the human body. The paper, published in September of 2022, is entitled, “Remotely controlled electro-responsive on-demand nanotherapy based on amine-modified graphene oxide for synergistic dual drug delivery.”
The study abstract reveals how a cell phone can emit signals to activate a low voltage current that interacts with Graphene Oxide (GO) molecules, causing efficient delivery of drug payloads:
This study aims to determine low-voltage-controlled dual drug (aspirin and doxorubicin) release from GO surface. Here, we have demonstrated how to control the drug release rate remotely with a handy mobile phone, with zero passive release at idle time.
Because of its extremely high surface area and complex structure composition, graphene oxide turns out to be the perfect molecule for delivery of biological or drug payloads inside the body. From the study:
These advantages make GO an extremely potential nanocomposite material as a drug carrier in the field of biomedicine and biotechnology, while being combined with a polymer or inorganic matrix.
Importantly, the presence of a specific frequency of a low voltage current is all that’s necessary to cause graphene oxide to release its payload.
5G cell tower signals create micro currents inside the body
We already know that 5G signals can generate electrical currents inside the human body, even from a significant distance. An important article authored by Dr. Joseph Mercola and published in Childrens Health Defense reveals that 5G cell signal radiation results in measurable biological and chemical changes inside the human body. From his article:
5G relies primarily on the bandwidth of the millimeter wave, known to cause a painful burning sensation. It’s also been linked to eye and heart problems, suppressed immune function, genetic damage and fertility problems.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) admits no 5G safety studies have been conducted or funded by the agency or telecom industry, and that none are planned.
The FCC has been captured by the telecom industry, which in turn has perfected the disinformation strategies employed by the tobacco industry before it.
Persistent exposures to microwave frequencies like those from cellphones can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear DNA damage from free radicals produced from peroxynitrite.
Excessive exposures to cellphones and Wi-Fi networks have been linked to chronic diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias, anxiety, depression, autism, Alzheimer’s and infertility.
The Cellular Phone Task Force website lists numerous warnings from governments and agencies around the world who have sounded the alarm on cell phone radiation and its harmful effects on human biology.
Radiofrequency microwave radiation causes voltage changes inside the body’s cells, altering calcium channels
Additionally, compelling research led by Martin Pall, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of biochemistry and basic medical sciences at Washington State University, reveals that microwave radiation from mobile devices and wireless routers causes voltage changes inside the body’s cells, activating what are called “Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels” (VGCCs), which are located in the outer membrane of your cells. It is this membrane that determines what passes into and out of the cell.
Twenty-three studies have shown that voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) produce these and other EMF effects… Furthermore, the voltage-gated properties of these channels may provide biophysically plausible mechanisms for EMF biological effects.
From Dr. Mercola’s article linked above: (emphasis added)
According to Pall’s research radiofrequency microwave radiation such as that from your cellphone and wireless router activates the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) located in the outer membrane of your cells.
According to Pall, VGCCs are 7.2 million times more sensitive to microwave radiation than the charged particles inside and outside our cells, which means the safety standards for this exposure are off by a factor of 7.2 million.
Low-frequency microwave radiation opens your VGCCs, thereby allowing an abnormal influx of calcium ions into the cell, which in turn activates nitric oxide and superoxide which react nearly instantaneously to form peroxynitrite that then causes carbonate free radicals, which are one of the most damaging reactive nitrogen species known and thought to be a root cause for many of today’s chronic diseases.
This means that cell phone radiation (and 5G cell tower radiation) does, indeed, induce voltage changes in the human body, and that these voltage changes have very real biochemical effects, some of which may be dangerous to human health (such as the formation of peroxynitrite molecules).
Fighting these potent free radicals can be achieved in part with nutritional approaches, such as through the use of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD), which is the foundational nutrient in the Health Ranger Store’s 5G Defense powders. Notably, SOD (which is usually derived from melon fruit) does not block cell tower radiation itself, but it helps the body respond to cellular stresses such as the formation of peroxynitrite molecules.
In related news reported by Reuters, French regulators have issued a warning to Apple to stop selling iPhone 12 phones due to the presence of excessive radiation produced by the devices. Apple’s smartphone exceeds the allowable legal limit of radiation. This phone has been sold since 2020.
5G signals may be used to cause Graphene Oxide to release payloads inside the human body
Connecting the dots on all this, 5G signals can be used to generate low voltage inside the human body, causing Graphene Oxide molecules to release predetermined payloads inside the body. Via the published paper linked above:
Upon application of external stimuli, many materials are able to release drugs. However, most of them need sophisticated instruments except electrical stimulation. Electro-stimulated drug delivery has attracted attention due to the low expense, painless, and portability of the control equipment, making it manageable for customized applications. In this study, we used NGO as an electro-sensitive material to deliver drugs in a controllable manner.
“This is the first time we have used ASP and DOX as a model drug which can be delivered simultaneously by external voltage,” the paper states. The conclusion of the paper adds: (emphasis added)
In conclusion, we have shown here that NGO can be used as a dual drug delivery agent, and the release of drugs can be controlled by an external voltage. To exploit the synergistic effect of ASP and DOX, we modified NGO and attached two drugs to it. Our labmade remote-controlled device efficiently released the anticancer drug. The releasing process can easily be switched on and off with a mobile phone by changing the bias voltage.
Graphene Oxide can carry biological or chemical weapons as payloads
In the scientific paper quoted above, the payload was aspirin plus a common cancer drug. However, payloads can be almost anything of sufficiently small size, including both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. From the study, “We have also demonstrated how hydrophilic (ASP) and hydrophobic drugs (DOX) can be delivered by using a single delivery platform.”
This means that potent chemical weapons — theoretically including nerve agents that are fatal at nanograms of exposure — could be loaded into graphene oxide molecules which are surreptitiously delivered into the body via aggressively propagandized medical interventions such as fake vaccines or covid swabs. Theoretically, such weapons might be able to be delivered to the population via food vectors as well. Once in the body, a small amount of payload leakage may generate some level of nerve damage among inoculated victims, but the real payload delivery won’t happen until a proper 5G signal is broadcast across the inoculated population, using the “release frequency” that generates the required voltage to unleash the payload.
In other words, a 5G broadcast signal at the appropriate frequency could instantly cause graphene oxide molecules to release the payloads into the bodies of those who were previously inoculated with those payloads. This would happen simultaneously, across the entire population that is within range of the broadcast frequencies which generate the necessary voltage in the body.
If the payload were a nerve agent, the real world effect would be the sudden dropping dead of large portions of populations across cities where 5G broadcast are able to saturate them. If payloads were virus-like nanoparticles, payload delivery could cause a large portion of the population to suddenly appear to be “infected” with a pandemic virus that is spreading at unimaginable speed.
This technology, in other words, could be used as a “kill switch” to terminate whatever portion of the population was previously inoculated with payload-carrying GO.
“Black ink” printed on pharmaceutical capsules shown to be magnetic and may contain graphene oxide
Some additional information came to my attention during the writing of this article. The black ink printed on the side of pharmaceutical capsules actually consists of mysterious black specks which are magnetic. A contact sent me a video, represented in the following screen shot, showing pharmaceutical capsules soaked in water for several hours, after which the black “ink” from the capsules turned into black specs that displayed startling magnetic properties. In this still photo, you can see the black specs gather at the common magnet held against the glass:
As this article reveals in LiveScience.com, stunning new research finds that graphene can be made magnetic by assembling layers in a specific rotational orientation. This gives rise to magnetism, even though the underlying atomic elements are nothing but carbon. From the article:
The magnetic field isn’t created by the usual spin of electrons within the individual graphene layers, but instead arises from the collective swirling of electrons in all of the three-layers of the stacked graphene structure, researchers reported Oct. 12 in the journal Nature Physics.
Is graphene being used in the “ink” that’s printed on the side of prescription medications? We don’t know for certain, but the fact that this ink is clearly magnetic is alarming.
Graphene oxide can also transmit gigahertz signals to nearby receivers
Additionally, under certain exotic applications of graphic oxide (GO) materials, those whose bodies are activated by cell tower broadcast could themselves function as electromagnetic “repeaters” due to the ability of GO to function as transmitters.
This capability is well documented in a study entitled, “Radio-frequency characteristics of graphene oxide,” published in Applied Physics Letters in 2010. (https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3506468) That study explains: (emphasis added)
We confirm graphene oxide, a two-dimensional carbon structure at the nanoscale level can be a strong candidate for high-efficient interconnector
in radio-frequency range. In this paper, we investigate high frequency characteristics of graphene oxide in range of 0.5–40 GHz. Radiofrequency transmission properties were extracted as S-parameters to determine the intrinsic ac transmission of graphene sheets, such as the impedance variation dependence on frequency. The impedance and resistance of graphene sheets drastically decrease as frequency increases. This result confirms graphene oxide has high potential for transmitting signals at gigahertz ranges.
Graphene oxide materials, in other words, can both carry payloads which are delivered via remote cell phone signaling, as well as transmit signals to other nearby receivers.
This could theoretically be used to start a “chain reaction” of 5G cell tower signals being re-broadcast from one person to another. In theory, this could extend a “kill switch” signal broadcast far beyond the initial range of 5G cell towers themselves.
From the conclusion of that published paper:
…[W]e expect that GO could be used for transmission lines in next-stage electronics and could be very strong candidate for nanocarbon electronics.
Conclusions
Graphene oxide can carry chemical or biological payloads.
Graphene oxide carrying payloads can be introduced into the body through vaccines or swabs.
The release of those payloads can be controlled by external cell tower signals which cause specific voltage changes in human cells.
Some voltage changes are already known to occur with exposure to cell tower radiation, especially with 5G.
Graphene oxide payloads can include “kill switch” payloads such as nerve agents or infectious agents.
The 5G tower system can therefore function as a chemical weapons payload release infrastructure system to achieve a “mass kill” of populations which were previously inoculated with payload-carrying GO.
Covid vaccines — which are now widely known to have had nothing to do with halting any pandemic (since even the White House and CDC both admit they do not halt transmission or infections) — could have theoretically been used to inoculate people with graphene oxide payloads which have not yet been activated.
Thus, it is plausible — but not proven — that vaccines + 5G cell towers could be exploited as a depopulation weapon system to achieve near-simultaneous mass extermination of a large percentage of the human population, simply by activating GO payload release with a specific broadcast energy intensity and frequency.
Given that the western governments of the world are clearly attempting to exterminate their own populations right now, this conclusion should be concerning to all those who wish to survive the global depopulation agenda.
Fifth generation (5G) networks, which are touted to support faster mobile connections, are actively being rolled out around the world. However, 5G produces radiofrequency (RF) radiation and electromagnetic energy fields (EMF), which are increasingly being recognized as new types of environmental pollution. They have also been linked to serious health issues.
According to Dr. Martin Pall, an EMF scientist, EMF exposure leads to premature aging and causes damage to vital organs, such as the brain and the heart, as well as DNA because it triggers the formation of free radicals. Research pioneered by Pall exposed how EMF activates voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), which regulate the flow of calcium ions in and out of cells.
This activation causes VGCCs to allow excess calcium to enter cells, resulting in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide. These chemicals readily react to form peroxynitrite and free radicals, which can cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress damages cells and their components, especially proteins, lipids and DNA. It is also said to drive cellular aging by promoting inflammation.
EMF from 5G can cause early onset Alzheimer’s
Pall’s research has also linked EMF exposure to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. His work using animal models shows two possible mechanisms through which EMF can cause Alzheimer’s: via the excessive calcium signaling pathway and via the peroxynitrite/oxidative stress/inflammation pathway.
A study published in the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience elaborates on the consequences of calcium dyshomeostasis, noting that “increased intracellular calcium elicits the characteristic lesions of this disorder [Alzheimer’s disease], including the accumulation of amyloid-B, the hyperphosphorylation of TAU and neuronal death.”
Meanwhile oxidative stress, which is characterized by an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense, is said to play a major role in the process of neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, especially among the elderly. Numerous studies have shown that the brain tissues of people with Alzheimer’s disease are heavily exposed to oxidative stress.
“EMFs act via peak electric and time varying magnetic forces at a nanosecond time scale,” explained Pall. With each increase in pulse modulation produced by EMF-emitting devices, such as smart meters, smart cell phones and 5G technology, such peaks are considerably increased as well, resulting in what Pall describes as the ultimate nightmare — extremely early onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Pall also highlighted human genetic and pharmacological studies that show high VGCC activity increasing the incidence of Alzheimer’s in humans. Because exposure to EMF, which is freely emitted by 5G networks, directly increases VGCC activity that triggers oxidative stress, it can be considered an important cause of Alzheimer’s disease. (Related: 5G is a weapons system designed to KILL people, says weapons expert Mark Steele.)
Pulsed wave radiation from 5G smart meters causes brain damage
Instead of continuous wave radiation, wireless smart meters emit pulsed wave radiation, a feature unique to them. This means that they alternate between emitting a burst of EMF and temporarily being inactive. According to court documents and testimony from Pacific Gas and Electric Company of California, smart meters on average produce pulsed waves between 9,600 and 190,000 times per day.
Pulsed wave EMFs have been shown to be more dangerous for humans than continuous wave EMFs. Animal studies suggest that the application of short, high-power RF pulses can cause significant brain damage, most notably abnormalities in the structure and function of dopamine synapses in the hippocampus.
Dopamine transmission in the brain, which is mediated by dopamine synapses, is involved in motor control and reward processing. Dysfunction of these synapses can lead to various psychiatric and neurological disorders in humans. In animal models, this has been linked to Parkinson’s disease.
5G can cause DNA alterations and cancer
5G has been reported to use millimeter waves (MMW) frequencies in the 24 to 100 GHz range. These frequencies are very high with extremely short (millimeter range) wavelengths, hence the name. MMW frequencies, especially at high doses, have been shown to alter the secondary structure and expression of DNA, which could have unfavorable consequences for human health.
In an article published in the journal Oncology Letters, Swedish researchers highlighted the fact that 252 EMF scientists from 43 countries have found sufficient evidence that “RF-EMF affects living organisms at levels well below most international and national guidelines.” Some of the serious health issues linked to RF-EMF emitted by 5G include “increased cancer risk, cellular stress, increase in harmful free radicals, genetic damages, structural and functional changes of the reproductive system, learning and memory deficits, neurological disorders, and negative impacts on general well-being in humans.”
A study published in the Journal of Biomedical Physics Engineering also called attention to the fact that MMW irradiation has been found to trigger biological responses within the skin that negatively affect the heart, immune system and nervous system in the long run. In addition, absorption of 5G radiation through the skin triggers excessive production of free radicals, which increases the risk of skin cancer.
Studies have shown that free radicals can cause DNA base damage and strand breaks. They can also damage tumor suppressor genes and promote the expression of pro-cancer genes. In turn, free radical-induced DNA damages increase the rates of DNA mutation, decrease genomic stability and trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Cancer and atherosclerosis, in particular, are “salient free radical diseases” that could be triggered by heightened exposure to 5G radiation. (Related: 5G Danger: Hundreds of respected scientists sound the alarm about health effects as 5G networks go up nationwide.)
The push for 5G in America comes with significant risks to public health and safety. Learn more about the dangers of 5G and smart meters at 5GAlert.com.
True-to-life worlds, sensory-rich feedback, and the end of lag. From edge computing to faster-than-ever response times, 5G is coming for the gaming experience — and it’s going to be better than ever.
With more than 2.69 billion players in the world, video games have climbed the charts as one of the most popular ways we spend our time. As the most convenient platform for on-the-go users, mobile gaming has entered the stage as the industry’s rising star, with more than 209 million mobile gamers in the US alone. Despite its popularity, gaming’s got a lot more potential to be realized. Here’s how.
Gaming on the edge
Today, most game processing is done locally on devices. While it’s possible to allow some processing to be done on a cloud server — where a device can send data to be processed and then returned — these servers are usually faraway in large data centers, which means the time it takes for the data to return will ultimately degrade the gaming experience.
Mobile edge computing, on the other hand, relies on several small data hubs that are deployed in closer physical proximity instead of one large faraway server. It allows you to save processing power on your device for a better, faster gaming experience because the device won’t have to send data to a central server, process it, and then return the information,
“You can offload the processing of your devices into the network while also improving the experience of the game,” says Carlos Bravo, our Ericsson Director of Cloud Strategy Execution. “Before edge computing, you had to send a lot of information between the players to make sure everything fit well together. This put high demands on the device processors and batteries. Edge servers can be dimensioned in a better, more efficient way, generating a synchronized gaming experience in the cloud. You won’t feel any lag as you’re moving around, which is critical for a good gaming experience, and you won’t have to be hooked into a Wi-Fi network.”
Or, as Tommy Palm, founder and CEO of Resolution Games (a Swedish developer specializing in VR and AR games), puts it: “With 5G, we’re heading into a future where we will be able to do a lot of cloud-based gaming, where the processing power isn’t necessarily on your phone, but it’s on a server somewhere. If you have cloud-based gaming, you can run all the calculations on the same machine, and you don’t need to synchronize a lot [of individual players’ phones]. This opens up [the possibility] for games that we could only dream of, where you have fully destructive worlds, for instance.”
Caption: Mobile edge computing: save processing power on your device for a better, faster gaming experience
A better augmented reality
5G (together with edge) could also help AR games live up to their potential, going well beyond the limitations posed by the available technology.
As an example of the current situation, think Pokémon Go, where images of game characters are merely overlaid onto feeds of the real world using mobile phone cameras — an experience made even less appealing by the toll it takes on battery life. It’s precisely these kinds of limitations that prompt many mobile phone users to simply shut off their AR functionalities altogether.
Paired with edge computing, 5G will effectively fix these issues, and games will do most of their processing on the edge without people even realizing it.
AR devices also tend to require a huge amount of processing for object recognition, among other things, and in location-based AR games (where multiple people play the same game in the same place), the same data has to be individually processed on each device. But with edge processing, this redundancy can be removed, allowing certain data to be processed just once before streaming the results to multiple users. As a whole, this will bring a more enjoyable and accurate AR experience, enhancing the mobile AR gaming experience and improving battery life.
These advances in cloud and edge computing will decrease the need for high-end devices in order to play high-quality, collaborative games, removing an entry barrier to gaming and increasing the number of people who can access the enjoyment of gaming from our everyday devices.
Gaming communities and 5G
Today’s gaming communities include more than just the players — esports, for example, has largely become a spectator sport – and 5G can help improve the audience experience by providing high-definition video streaming on the go and in real time. If done properly, it is possible for the audience to follow multiple players across multiple screens, some powered by different providers, and all without lag.
In fact, 5G already made its first grand appearance for professional gamers during 2019’s Milan Games week, successfully supporting the finals of the first live mobile gaming tournament on Vodafone Italy’s 5G network.
“If you take Fortnite or Call of Duty, the latest versions are free to download and free to play, but then it’s all about having as many players as possible. Smartphones, in sheer numbers, are probably the broadest platform developers can find,” says Greger Blennerud, Head of Marketing, Mobile Broadband here at Ericsson. “The challenge there is, of course … the network quality. I think the key characteristics of 5G that really make it relevant are the bandwidth and the low latency that we’re getting. Gaming [is] maybe one of the most obvious beneficiaries of 5G.”
Wearable game devices
From headsets and glasses to vests and gloves, a new sensory frontier is ahead of us in the gaming world, promising spine-tingling realism and — most importantly — fun. Future games will incorporate lifelike haptic feedback in virtual worlds, giving us the same physical rush as real-world motions and sensations. To achieve this, wearables should be built on similar architecture and utilize the same development tools as mobile phones, allowing them to similarly benefit from cloud computing and network features.
“When it comes to successful headsets, they’re going to be built on mobile technology,” Palm continues. “But a consumer is never going to know that unless they’re very interested in what is powering them. We’ve released two proper games on the Magic Leap, which is an AR headset. Both that and Oculus Quest for VR are actually running kind of mobile phone technology in the background, and they’re building on that type of hardware. They’re very similarly performing devices, whether it’s a mobile phone or a next-generation headset.”
Caption: Wearables should be built on similar architecture and use the same development tools as mobile phones, allowing them to benefit from cloud computing and network features
Towards the future
Ultimately, we want this experience to be seamless for everyone. Game providers should be able to utilize network features without concern of what specific network is being used and users should be able to play games without too much concern of their specific hardware There are, several challenges that need to be addressed to accomplish this.
Game designers will have to figure out which part of the processing should be done remotely, which part should be done locally, and how to effectively balance this out to achieve the best possible experience. We also have to understand tradeoffs and when to apply them. Ideally, everyone would have the right amount of bandwidth and latency for the game they want to play. But what happens when a spike in online players occurs? Should we sacrifice high frame rates for resolution? Or should we preprocess based on all possible outcomes beforehand, utilizing more central processing unit (CPU) power to preserve quality?
Game designers are also in for a whole new level of integration with networks. They may need to inform a network of a person’s bandwidth demands beforehand, or ask the network how the user’s bandwidth is going to be for the next five minutes, then adapt the game accordingly. For example, if someone is going into a tunnel for 30 seconds, the game may choose to preload some objects or reuse existing local objects without changes to the gaming experience. Such network APIs will have to be built not only with user experience in mind, but also considering the developer experience of those using the APIs.
Some considerations depend on the genre of the game. First-person shooters, for example, may be more demanding in terms of video quality than strategy games, while arcade games may be more sensitive to latency. And then there is the question of mobility. If we know people are playing online games in their autonomous vehicles on the way to work, should we sacrifice arrival time for better playing quality during their journeys?
Interactions of the future will incorporate more senses than just vision and hearing too. The Internet of Senses applied to gaming will bring haptics, spatial audio and smell to the forefront. All of these will be communicated over networks, which will present a few exciting challenges in understanding human factors, including the strengths and limitations of our senses. Research into ergonomics, cognitive psychology, kinesiology, and human-computer interaction will play an important part in ensuring we understand people — especially gamers — before committing to technical designs.
Caption: Hear more from Alvin Jude, Researcher at Ericsson, about the future of immersive gaming
When it comes to providing great experiences with these new interactions, the role of the network is evolving, and in turn, our work is evolving with it. My team’s charter is to investigate the impact of interactions on the network, and the impact of the network on interactions. There are many people working hard with domain experts and industry leaders to realize not only what it means to build these networks alongside developing technologies, but to understand what it means to provide a truly great experience for end users and developers.
We’re here to bring tomorrow’s gaming experience to more people today.
5G expansion is continuing throughout the world, with networks providing new communication capabilities and services that are set to transform society. The next wave of development is now taking place through 5G Advanced, with improved capabilities in the areas of enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), and massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC).
There is no doubt that the ongoing societal transformation will give rise to challenges that 5G will be unable to meet. In 2030, society will have been shaped by 5G for 10 years, with lessons having been learned from 5G deployment, and new needs and services appearing. Even with the built-in flexibility of 5G, we will see a need for expanding into new capabilities [1]. This calls for further evolution—following the pull from society’s needs and the push from more advanced technological tools becoming available—that must be addressed for the 6G era when it comes.
Future networks will be a fundamental component for the functioning of virtually all parts of life, society, and industries, fulfilling the communication needs of humans as well as intelligent machines. To make the best out of this situation, both the industry and research community should work together toward a common vision.
Four main drivers with corresponding challenges are emerging for the 6G era: trustworthiness of the systems at the heart of society, sustainability through the efficiency of mobile technology, accelerated automatization and digitalization to simplify and improve people’s lives, and limitless connectivity meeting the demands for intensifying communication anywhere, anytime, and for anything.
To meet these future challenges, 6G needs to continue to push beyond the technical limits of 5G, moving toward critical services, immersive communication, and omnipresent IoT. In addition, entirely new capability dimensions should be explored integrating compute services and offering functionality beyond communication such as spatial and timing data.
In this white paper, a vision of the 6G-powered world of 2030 is outlined, with the research focusing on what future networks should be able to deliver and what candidate technologies should be developed to get there.
The cyber-physical world of 2030
The society of 2030 is expected to have transformed around increasingly advanced technologies, where networks act as the communication and information backbone, allowing communication to take place anywhere and at any time.
As wireless connectivity becomes an integrated, fundamental part of society, trust in the data delivered through connectivity as well as in the connectivity itself, along with data services and the compute platform functionality, will become even more important. Society should be able to rely completely on networks to deliver critical services and to ensure the integrity of the delivered information. People, as well as industries, must be able to rely on verified identities while enjoying full privacy.
Sustainability is of utmost importance, and all sectors of society need to work toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [2]. Wireless networks already play an important role in achieving these goals, and there is clear potential to further accelerate their contribution in enabling better efficiency in the use of resources and supporting new ways of living, making them a tool for positive change.
With artificial intelligence (AI), it is possible to optimize and simplify many processes and improve operations by reducing the need for human participation and supervision. As a result, a dramatic increase in the use of AI to further optimize efficiency in society and simplify people’s lives should be expected. To enable this, networks need to be based on a data-driven architecture using massive data to support AI across systems and be designed for the highest levels of security and explainability.
Today, there is a large increase in highly demanding applications for which very low latencies and very high data rates are required to enable their functioning such as virtual, augmented, and mixed reality as well as remote control of sensitive operations. As 2030 approaches, this trend can be expected to continue with even higher demands being placed on the performance that networks should deliver.
6G paradigm shifts
Addressing the challenges of the future also implies that there must be a shift in some basic network paradigms. The shifts that must take place are:
from secure communication to trustworthy platforms—expanding the scope from protecting data to ensuring the end-to-end service delivery in the relevant scenarios
from data management to data ownership—ensuring control and privacy of personal and critical digital assets toward third parties
from energy efficiency to sustainable transformation—resource-efficient networks that impact society and enable environmental footprint reduction through effective digitalization
from terrestrial 2D to global 3D connectivity—aiming at full digital inclusion, reaching for limitless connectivity everywhere including rural land, sea, and even air areas
from manually controlled to learning networks—using intelligence and data throughout networks to shift the focus from instructing the system how to achieve goals, to providing the system with goals to achieve
from predefined services to flexible user-centricity—instead of predefining services and interfaces, a flexible network that should adapt to the needs of users and allow applications to influence
from physical and digital worlds to a cyber-physical continuum—the network platform should not only connect humans and machines but be able to fully merge realities to allow seamless interaction and immersive experiences
from data links to services beyond communication—expanding the role of networks to deliver services for a broad range of purposes as a versatile information platform
Transforming society through technology
6G makes it possible to move in a cyber-physical continuum, between the connected physical world of senses, actions, and experiences and its programmable digital representation. The network provides intelligence, limitless connectivity, and full synchronization of the physical and digital worlds. Vast amounts of sensors embedded in the physical world send data to update the digital representation in real time. Actuators in the real world carry out commands from intelligent agents in the digital world. It becomes possible to trace back and analyze events, observe, and act in real-time, as well as to simulate, predict, and program future actions. Compared to the metaverse—a VR/AR world where avatars interact—the cyber-physical continuum provides a close link to reality, where digital objects are projected onto physical objects that are represented digitally, allowing them to seamlessly coexist as merged reality and enhance the real world.
Triggered by the four drivers described above, new application areas will appear, calling for new capabilities in the networks of the future. It is equally important to address the future of existing applications and close the remaining digital gaps.
A digitalized and programmable world can deliver interactive 4D maps of whole cities that are precise in position and time and can be simultaneously accessed and modified by large numbers of humans and intelligent machines for detailed planning of activities. Such cyberphysical service platforms can issue commands to large-scale steerable systems, like public transport, waste handling, or water and heating management systems, achieving higher levels of resource efficiency, better control, and increased resilience.
The advent of precision healthcare, enabled by miniature nodes measuring bodily functions and devices issuing medications and physical assistance, will be supported by a continuously analyzed digital representation online. Such a high integration of technology in people’s lives emphasizes the importance of trustworthiness through availability, security, and data privacy. It also requires new types of devices that can be safely embedded virtually anywhere and that are maintenance-free, using efficient and distributed processing and management, and communicating securely in local body networks.
Real-time 4D maps are also needed to manage the intense traffic of future cities with autonomous vehicles on the ground and in the air. A network sensor fabric, where accurate measurements and world data are aggregated from sensing base stations and on-board vehicle sensors, and then shared together with trajectories, can be used to guide safe, clean, and efficient transport.
An automated society would harvest the benefits of AI assistance for improving people’s welfare and simplifying their lives. For instance, collaborative AI partners could perform many challenging tasks involving manual labor more safely and efficiently, assisting in industries as well as in our homes, acting autonomously, and adapting to human action. Such high-trust cyber-physical systems can smoothly interact with groups of humans and other intelligent machines, requiring extreme reliability and resilience, precise positioning and sensing, low-latency communication, and AI trust and integration. On the personal level, intelligent identity and preference handling will assist people in everyday life, managing interactions with and adapting the connected world around them in line with their preferences.
Building a sustainable world requires huge efforts throughout society, with networks ensuring digital inclusion on a global scale. This includes diverse elements, such as the support of smart automation services everywhere on the planet, connectivity for global sensors monitoring the statuses of forests and oceans, resource-efficient connected agriculture, access to digital personal healthcare for everyone, and access to high-end services for institutions such as schools and hospitals everywhere. Through the global, endto- end life-cycle tracking of goods, autonomous supply chains can accelerate a full circular resource economy. Digital-asset tracking can reduce waste and automatize recycling. Taken together, this requires truly global coverage with excellent energy-, material-, and costefficiency, embedded autonomous devices and sensors, and a network platform with high availability and security.
Immersive communication will deliver the full telepresence experience, removing distance as a barrier to interaction. Extended reality (XR) technology [3] with human-grade sensory feedback requires high data rates and capacity, spatial mapping from precise positioning and sensing, and low latency end-to-end with edge cloud processing. One example will be the ubiquitous use of mixed reality in public transport, offering separate virtual experiences for each passenger, enabling them to run virtual errands, get XR guidance, and have games overlaid on the physical world. Going further still, communication will approach a fully merged reality where senses and holograms can be translated across physical and digital worlds. Personal immersive devices capable of precise body interaction will allow access to experiences and actions far away, ensuring an immersive perception, to support people’s communication needs even better—the importance of which has become especially clear during the COVID-19 pandemic—and, at the same time, add completely new communication modes, with strict control over access and identities.
6G: the future network platform
Increasing expectations set a clear target for the industry and research community—6G should contribute to an efficient, human-friendly, sustainable society through ever-present intelligent communication.
Needed capabilities
To serve as the platform for a vast range of new and evolving services, the capabilities of future wireless access networks need to be enhanced and extended in various dimensions compared to the networks of today. This includes classic capabilities, such as achievable data rates, latency, and system capacity, but also new capabilities, some of which may be more qualitative in nature. It should be noted that the capabilities of the future wireless networks should not only match currently envisioned use cases but should also enable future services that have not been envisioned yet.
Starting with the classic capabilities, future networks should enable higher achievable data rates and lower latency in all relevant scenarios. This includes the possibility to provide several hundred gigabits per second and end-to-end sub-millisecond latency in specific scenarios. Equally or perhaps even more important is the possibility to provide high-speed connectivity with predictably low latency and a low jitter rate.
The future wireless-access networks should be able to serve an exponentially growing traffic demand in a cost-efficient way. Higher spectral efficiency of basic radio access technology is one component of this, with access to additional spectrum naturally being another. Even more important, though, is enabling the possibility for the truly cost-efficient deployment of very dense networks.
There is a need to continue the expansion of wireless communication toward full global coverage—closing the digital divide for remote areas—while supporting a dramatically higher number of devices that will be embedded throughout society. A critical component of this is to ensure that the overall cost for both users and service providers is at a sustainable level.
High network energy performance played was an important requirement in the development of 5G, and it will be even more important for future wireless access solutions [4]. It is critical that the expected massive increase in traffic will not lead to a corresponding increase in energy usage. An acceleration in traffic should not mean accelerated energy usage. Also, the energy usage should be close to zero when there is no traffic within a node.
As wireless networks increasingly become critical components of society, resilience and security capabilities are crucial. The networks must be able to provide service when part of the infrastructure is disabled due to natural disasters, local disturbances, or societal breakdowns, and they must offer robust resistance against deliberate malicious attacks.
In terms of trustworthiness, the networks should be able to leverage new confidential computing technologies, improve service availability, and provide enhanced security identities and protocols with end-to-end assurance.
These networks will need the capabilities of dependable compute and AI integration, infrastructure enabling distributed applications and network functions to be swiftly developed and deployed, and services for data and compute acceleration, which can be delivered throughout the network with performance guarantees.
Finally, to power the full digitalization and automation of society, networks need highprecision positioning and detailed sensing capabilities from their surroundings. Sensing is a new type of capability, based on analysis of how radio wave propagation is affected by the environment. For example, microwave links are affected by rainfall— information that is valuable for weather forecasting. Radio signals can also be actively transmitted for sensing, allowing a radar-like function to be provided by the communication network. Reusing cellular systems for sensing can result in both a more cost-efficient sensing system and broader coverage than what can be provided by dedicated sensing systems. Sensing can be used, for instance, to model the environment, detect road traffic, or set off alarms if a person enters a restricted area in a factory hall. Future networks need to use radio resources efficiently for both communication and sensing. Scalable mechanisms for distributing the results, AI-based interpretation of results, and security mechanisms to ensure the privacy of the information are also needed.
Foundations of 6G
For the 6G networks of 2030, a broad range of promising technologies should be considered. The study of these potential elements of 6G will be a key topic of research in the coming years.
Taken together, the elements of 6G will form one seamless system, having all the needed capabilities to empower the vision of ever-present intelligent communication connecting a cyber-physical world. With a foundation of trustworthy systems and a highly efficient compute fabric with built-in cognition capacities, the networks of the future will deliver limitless connectivity for upcoming applications and services. This will make 6G a broad platform for innovation and the information backbone of society.
Technology elements of 6G
Network adaptability
By increasing the adaptability of networks, several key efficiencies can be addressed. These might be related to the cost of deployments, energy consumption, network development and expansion, or management and operations.
Dynamic network deployment
Mechanisms to ensure that dynamic network deployment will be key to supporting the costeffective deployment of high capacity, resilient networks in the future. This will make the service provider more agile when handling new business opportunities and new emerging use cases. The key challenge is to seamlessly integrate traditional service provider-deployed network nodes with complementing ad-hoc, temporary, user-deployed, mobile, or nonterrestrial nodes.
The possibility for multi-hop communication—already partly introduced in 5G through integrated access backhauling (IAB)—will be an important component to enabling such dynamic network deployments. It is expected that this will further evolve, ensuring seamless multi-hop wireless connectivity with low costs and high flexibility. This will also partly erase the distinction between wireless access links to devices and wireless backhaul links between network nodes, creating a unified framework for wireless connectivity.
A factor that is common to all future deployment scenarios is the requirement for a superior transport network to be flexible, scalable, and reliable, in order to support demanding 6G use cases and novel deployment options, such as a mixture of distributed radio access networks (RANs) and centralized/cloud RAN. This is achieved by AI-powered programmability enabled by software definition, multi-service abstraction/virtualization on heterogeneous networks, and closed-loop automation to keep transport networks flexible and manageable.
Device and network programmability
Previous generations of cellular networks have relied on clearly specified device behaviors controlled by network configurations. The key limitation here is that new features cannot be applied to legacy devices, limiting the speed of development.
Device behaviors can be made more programmable, making devices more future-proof and ready to support more advanced network functionalities by replacing hardcoded device behaviors with a more programmable environment (for example, defining them by different application programming interfaces—APIs). This, in turn, would enable networks to be more programmable, since it would now be possible to fundamentally change both the networks and the devices, enabling new functionalities (for example, allowing service providers to download AI models to both the devices and the networks, optimizing the overall network performance or customizing the device behavior targeting specific vertical use cases). Another aspect is that this could lead to faster feature development and time to market, faster bug fixing, and more DevOps-type operations.
Network simplification and cross-RAN/CN optimizations
With the expectation of networks becoming a more integral part of society comes the requirements of higher availability and resilience. Over the years, however, networks have continuously grown in functional richness as well as complexity. This has led to multiple network components supporting many different functions and sometimes addressing similar (or identical) problems. Future deployments will be less node-centric and both RAN and core networks (CNs) will have more common platforms. This removes some of the reasons to duplicate functionalities, such as having RAN rely on the CN as a data store for idle devices. Consequently, it is important to revisit some architecture assumptions behind today’s functional separation between RAN and CN.
A smart choice when it comes to the right set of RAN and CN functions and interfaces is needed to provide the best performance, use cases, and deployment versatility while at the same time keeping development efforts and network operations manageable. A set of multi-vendor interfaces needs to be selected carefully to ensure openness in networks and the ecosystem while minimizing system complexity, ensuring development agility and a robust and resilient network.
Enhanced, end-to-end connectivity
Future applications need to leverage high-performance connectivity, fulfilling required bandwidth, dynamic behaviors, resilience, and further demands. Network capabilities need to be available end-to-end and match the evolution of applications and internet technology. This will affect, for instance, application–network collaboration, resilience mechanisms, the evolution of the end-to-end transport protocols, and ways to deal with latency.
Network collaboration
Applications and networks can benefit from collaboration to ensure that the most suitable networking services are provided. The increased need for protected communications implies that any collaboration needs to be explicitly agreed upon, with both parties benefitting from and consenting to it.
Resilience
Network resilience will need to be addressed from different perspectives. Applications that demand resilience, both for their connectivity and their end-to-end communication, need to be supported. Similarly, the necessary internet infrastructure needs to be available, resilient, and resistant to commercial surveillance. A distributed architecture ensures that not all information (and not all risk) is centralized among a few parties.
Evolved protocols
The recent rapid evolution of web and transport protocols has resulted in the internet protocol stack becoming easier to change (for example, it is now possible to update transport protocols without impacting operating system kernels). At the same time, it is expected that future communications will employ more multi-access technology and applications to come with even stricter requirements. This is an opportunity to build solutions that can handle multi-path communications, resilience, and congestion control in mobile networks more efficiently.
Predictable latency
Experience has shown that many of the (initial) use cases with stricter latency requirements often have a maximum latency that they tolerate. Achieving predictable latency will open opportunities for testing additional use cases and support both distributed and more centralized deployment models.
Extreme performance and coverage
The future wireless access solution must provide truly extreme performance in a multitude of capability dimensions and all relevant scenarios in order to enable future in-demand services at acceptable costs. This includes, for example, extreme data rates and latency performance when so required, extreme system capacity to be able to deliver the services to a high number of users, and truly global coverage of the wireless access. The key to enabling dense deployments with extreme system capacity in a cost-effective way is to introduce packet fronthaul and new wireless transport technologies, such as relay and mesh networking, free-space optics, and further integrated access and backhaul.
Spectrum
Spectrum is—and will continue to be—an obviously essential resource for wireless connectivity. Access to additional wideband spectrum as well as efficient utilization of the existing spectrum is of critical importance, and both licensed and unlicensed spectrum are of interest.
The lower frequency bands (up to about 6 GHz) are currently used by 4G/5G and will remain important in the 6G era, especially to provide wide-area coverage for 6G services. Since very little new sub-6 GHz spectrum is expected to be made available, it is essential that a 6G radio access technology will be able to share lower-frequency spectrum with previous generations. The millimeter wave frequency bands in the 24 GHz to 52 GHz range, pioneered by 5G and likely to soon be extended up to 100 GHz, will naturally be used by 6G as well.
The 7–24 GHz range is currently being used for other purposes than cellular communication but can be exploited for 6G by deploying advanced sharing mechanisms. Above 100 GHz, there are opportunities for relatively large amounts of spectrum, but, given the very challenging propagation conditions, it is mainly of interest for very specific scenarios requiring extreme traffic capacity and/or data rates in a dense network deployment condition.
Non-terrestrial access
Extending the conventional terrestrial access to also include non-terrestrial (NT) access components is a tool to realize truly global coverage for future wireless connectivity. Such complementary NT access components may be provided by different means, including, for example, drones, high-altitude platforms (HAPS), and/or low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. These mobile NT nodes should be integrated parts of the overall wireless access solution as an extension of the terrestrial network, providing seamless coverage truly everywhere.
Multi-connectivity and distributed MIMO
In order to enhance robustness and performance as well as ensure more consistent quality in wireless connectivity, multi-point connectivity is expected to become common in the future. Already today, technologies such as multi-radio, dual-connectivity, and multi–point transmissions are available for 5G, but it is expected that they will expand further. This expansion might include, for example, massive multi-connectivity on the physical layer, where devices have simultaneous physical links to a large number of tightly coordinated network transmission points (known as distributed MIMO). Another possibility is multi-RAT connectivity, where devices have simultaneous connectivity to a network using different radio access technologies to improve robustness or to provide different simultaneous services in a more optimized way.
Embedded devices everywhere
Future services will require connectivity everywhere and in everything. 6G networks can support trillions of embeddable devices and provide trustworthy connections that are available all the time.
Zero-energy devices
Today’s massive machine-type communication provides data rates of up to a few hundred kilobits per second, serving applications such as remote meter reading. Although their battery life can be up to 10 years in some cases, battery replacement or charging limits the applicability of these devices. Energy harvesting—where a device’s energy is obtained from ambient energy in the form of light, vibrations, temperature differences, or even radio waves—provides the possibility for devices to not need a battery replacement or charging. The amount of energy that it is possible to harvest is typically very small, however, implying that extremely energy-efficient communication protocols need to be developed. Given the minuscule amounts of energy available, the amount of information that can be transmitted will be small—in many cases, only a couple of bytes per hour. For applications such as asset tracking, however, this is sufficient, and radio-based technologies could be a more appealing choice than the current solutions, such as the optical reading of barcodes, and would facilitate communication with items out of direct sight.
Immersive interaction devices
In future, users will be able to have a more immersive experience where they can interact naturally with the digital world, with the help of on-body devices, such as smart gloves, skin sensors, and so on. Users will interface with virtual objects, which often requires accurate positioning – as in the case of dropping virtual ice cubes into a virtual drink – and experience the virtual object’s updates in real time with all the user’s senses, requiring sub-millisecond latencies. Brain-computer interface (BCI) devices could further enhance the experience by capturing and securely sharing users’ intentions to adapt to the network rendered virtual objects. Networks will also aid in synchronization between such objects and sensory stimuli beyond the visual such as audio, touch, and so on. Furthermore, trustworthiness aspects such as the verification of user IDs to protect vulnerable users from inappropriate content and contact would need to be addressed.
Cognitive networks
To realize future networks and operate a large number of versatile services without accelerating cost and complexity, the level of network intelligence must be raised. The resulting cognitive networks will help improve energy efficiency, optimize performance, and ensure service availability. It is expected that this will occur in two ways: in optimizations that are difficult to achieve with traditional algorithms, where AI machine learning (ML) can support, and in evolving the operations systems to handle most of today’s system management tasks autonomously, where AI machine reasoning (MR) can play a vital role.
Intent-based management
Humans will be able to control what systems do by stating operational goals in the form of intents. This intent-based, automated management requires a higher level of abstraction in the human-machine interface as well as the systems’ ability to interpret and reason around such goals. There is a need to understand abstract knowledge and draw conclusions from existing knowledge and data sets using MR techniques. Knowledge and experience will be gathered, both from humans and analytics algorithms, and stored in a common knowledge base. These varying elements would then be used by a cognitive network to understand different situations, identify suitable corrective measures, and plan the best course of action for their implementation in the network.
Autonomous systems
Such an approach also implies that the system becomes more and more autonomous. A cognitive system requires native capabilities to adjust to its environment, constantly observing and learning from previous actions. Lessons from operations and service performance are fed back in short cycles or in near real time to improve configurations, processes, and software. Within the network logic, a continuous improvement in algorithms will be seen driving runtime decisions distributed across physical locations and logical functions. This continuous optimization will make the system much more dynamic compared to today’s system. Intelligence, in different forms, will be available all over a geographically distributed network.
Explainable and trustworthy AI
An autonomous system can only be successful if it is trusted by humans. This involves several aspects. Firstly, the system needs to be able to explain its actions and why it ended up in its current state. Secondly, the intelligent system should be technically robust, even under various disturbances and attacks; consider its social environment; act ethically, respecting the right principles and values; and act in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations [5]. Thirdly, the system must involve humans when needed.
Data-driven architecture
Intelligence involves making decisions based on facts or data, and with more data available, better decisions can be made. Data-driven architecture is the infrastructure for AI algorithms that makes decisions. Such infrastructure supports data pipelines that take care of moving, storing, processing, visualizing, and exposing data from inside service provider networks as well as external data sources in a format adapted for the consumer of the pipeline.
Network compute fabric
6G will bring all physical things into the realm of compute. It will act not only as a connector but also as a controller of physical systems—ranging from simple terminals to complex and performance-sensitive robot control systems, and augmented reality applications—offering computing intertwined with communication in a network compute fabric for high efficiency and dependability [6].
Service providers can utilize their assets by integrating compute and storage into increasingly virtualized networks to provide applications with maximum performance, reliability, low jitter, and millisecond latencies. The network-compute fabric will thus provide tools and services beyond connectivity, offering a pervasive, globally interconnected, flexible, and robust platform to diverse customer segments and verticals, featuring application hosting, seamless task portability, and compute abstractions.
Ecosystem enablers
Such a system can only be realized with the collaboration of a broad set of actors working in the same globally federated ecosystem. Network and cloud providers, application developers, service providers, and device and equipment vendors all have a role to play. Much of the interaction between the players will happen in software, where broker-less marketplace technologies will help the ecosystem to scale, featuring automated contract negotiation and fulfillment supporting sales, delivery, and charging operations. Ecosystem partnerships will also involve technical challenges of integrating services from the different actors. Efficient partnering can be facilitated by standards that ensure interoperability or by technologies that automate the handling of partner relationships. The right level of harmonization in the ecosystem is key to supporting scalability as well as innovation.
Dependable compute
Emerging use cases will require a combination of stringent real-time characteristics, such as low latency, high throughput, high reliability, and scalability. To meet these end-toend performance requirements, 6G platforms will complement deterministic and reliable connectivity offerings with corresponding compute capabilities. Through a network compute fabric, the network will offer unified interfaces for the simplified deployment of distributed applications onto an integrated compute stack with dependable real-time properties for critical application tasks. For instance, developers will have access to in-network compute services realized through energy-efficient hardware acceleration technologies as well as the operating system and platform components optimized for real-time operations.
Unified, fluid computing
Applications developed to interact with physical reality need increased deployment flexibility. They benefit from highly distributed designs in order to be close to data sources and data consumers, such as sensors and actuators, for instance, in closed-loop control of mission-critical processes, and intelligent aggregation of large amounts of data. Furthermore, smartly splitting the processing between devices, network compute, and central clouds enables richer applications on extremely lightweight devices with limited power supply. This poses several new challenges to computing. New ways of combining, placing, and executing software are needed to meet application requirements even in the face of user mobility or failures.
For instance, dynamic computational offload, that is, moving applications tasks that are split off from device applications into network embedded compute, will benefit from a unified execution environment based on lightweight and portable runtime technologies, hardware-enforced isolation for secure task execution, and developer-friendly exposure and interfaces. As a result, applications can be deployed seamlessly across this fabric, spanning central cloud, network edge, and out to the devices. This makes 6G a true innovation platform.
Trustworthy systems
The ability to withstand, detect, respond to, and recover from attacks and unintentional disturbances is a cornerstone in designing trustworthy systems. The four important building blocks for trustworthy systems are the use of confidential computing solutions, secure identities and protocols, service availability, and security assurance and defense.
AI is expected to have a major impact on future technology evolution as well as security and to help in all of these four areas. At the same time, the trustworthiness of AI components is also important.
Confidential computing
Today’s systems offer strong protection for data in transit, but data being processed or stored is less protected. To protect data being processed or stored, confidential computing is becoming a strong paradigm. In cloud computing, it provides hardware-based isolation for the processing of payloads, which a cloud provider cannot tamper with. It also allows remote cloud users to verify the isolated environments in which they want to place their payloads, and the verification and attestation procedures are carried out by the compute hardware itself, preventing a bypass by the cloud provider owning the hardware. The basis of these confidential computing features is part of the root-of-trust (RoT) mechanism.
Confidential computing also has the potential to enhance the security of network slices. Network slices can be cryptographically isolated from each other by combining data in transit protection mechanisms and confidential computing technologies to protect data being processed or stored. The path to secure identities and protocols depends on establishing trusted identities for infrastructure, connectivity, devices, edge, and network slicing functions. This can be enabled by means of RoT mechanisms for identities that are established for every physical component, a software function, and interface. The end goal is to create a system that offers privacy for all deployed software as well as the protection of data from unauthorized access.
Service availability
Service availability can be offered by paying attention to details that improve the reliability and resilience of networks as a whole. The radio link is a critical part of meeting availability requirements. Radio resilience can be improved by the provisioning of adequate capacity, redundancy of coverage, and the use of the diversity of connectivity and medium access control. Resource provisioning for critical services across RAN, transport, and core can be designed to allow variable grades of service and service guarantees in terms of meeting near-real-time deadlines in industrial scenarios or other critical control functions.
Another aspect of availability is the building of automated recovery mechanisms by analyzing and aggregating data from all parts of the communications system. This means that a distributed and hierarchical approach for improved observability of performance must be designed, with intermediate analytics, which can validate that requirements are being met on a real-time basis. Furthermore, AI has a role to play in integrating data-driven observability to infer the end-to-end validation of service availability. Real-time analytics based on AI can similarly offer the ability to improve network resilience to dynamic changes in traffic load and radio environments, thereby providing further assurance of the reliability of performance in relation to the needs of various network slices.
Security assurance
Today, security assurance and certification are receiving a lot of attention. For example, the EU Cybersecurity Act, adopted in 2019, establishes an EU framework for cybersecurity certification, boosting the cybersecurity of digital products and services in Europe. Current state-of-the-art security assurance schemes (for example, GSMA NESAS) are good tools for providing security assurance for a specific version of a product; however, some areas need further development. Enhancements for virtualization and cloud computing, continuous integration and continuous delivery processes, and AI need to be taken into account. An essential aspect to consider here is that security has a much wider interpretation than just product security, which is what security assurance schemes concentrate on today. In the future, they should be amended to increasingly consider all aspects of the system, including networks in operation. When creating security assurance schemes, it is important to establish well-defined requirements and processes that are accepted by all stakeholders. This is preferably achieved in line with global standards.
Conclusion
There is a strong upcoming need for communication and beyond technology on the 2030 horizon, with the transformations having been set in motion by 5G, and increasing expectations in society, accelerated by advancements in enabling technology, and moving toward new services and use cases that will improve people’s lives.
Development is ramping up in formulating capability targets for the 6G era and investigating a range of promising technology components that may become part of a 2030 network platform. The key elements for this transformation will be the extreme performance of radio access, with network adaptability, and global as well as pervasive reach. Going beyond connectivity, 6G should become a trusted platform for intelligence, compute, and spatial data, encouraging innovation and serving as the information backbone of society.
This is the right time for advanced research on 6G technology into a network platform aimed at expanding the capabilities for the needs of 2030. Research collaborations like the Hexa-X project [7] and the Next G Alliance [8] are already advancing in technology and system design to enable the cyber-physical world and limitless connectivity. The journey toward future networks should naturally build on the strengths of 5G, which continue to evolve in 5G Advanced, and should be taken in collaboration with the academic community and other industry partners aiming at a globally aligned way forward, building between regional initiatives.
The telecom industry has provided no scientific evidence that 5G is safe and there is research that already proves it isn’t (see 1, 2). Because of this, some government leaders have already declared moratoriums on installation (see 1, 2, 3).
Additional warnings about 5G have come from a variety of sources including:
Meteorologists who fear that 5G frequencies will greatly reduce their ability to accurately predict the weather.
Security experts fear cyberattacks on the easily hacked 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies could lead to catastrophic consequences (see 1, 2).
Unfortunately, this hasn’t stopped 5G installation everywhere – including in Canada – despite publicized opposition from doctors, scientists, and former Microsoft Canada president, Frank Clegg.
If the telecom industry won’t even defend 5G, shouldn’t we be concerned about anyone who does?
There’s been a lot of excitement about 5G technology coming to the iPhone next year, but despite all of the hype, we’ve been a bit skeptical about how much this is going to matter to the average iPhone user, especially in the short term. Put simply, do you really need your iPhone to be able to transfer data at gigabit speeds?
However, there’s also a dark side to 5G that many users probably haven’t thought about: being able to move data at faster speeds means that you’ll potentially use a lot more of it.
In a new report for CNET, Daniel Van Boom took a closer look at just exactly what the impact of this will be, after conducting a series of tests in the parts of Sydney, Australia where Telstra currently offers solid 5G service.
Van Boom reported that 5G was fast — really fast. On his test device, which was an LG V50 ThinQ, he was able to download a 2.04 GB game in 54 seconds, as compared to the almost six minutes that it would have taken on his office broadband. A 1h 43m movie took 92 seconds. 5G Speed tests showed download speeds pushing close to 500 Mbps, much faster than many smartphones can achieve even over the fastest Wi-Fi connections — for example, even Apple’s 2018 iPhones typically top out at around 400 Mbps over Wi-Fi.
The Problem
The problem, however is that these kinds of speeds will suck through your data plan like a firehose. Van Boom noted that after only 25 minutes, after running several speed tests, including downloading two movies from Netflix and a game, he got a text message telling him that he’d used 50% of his 20 GB data allotment. While 20 GB “isn’t an unusually small amount” in Australia, it’s actually quite high compared to plans that are typically available in North America.
In fact, even so-called “unlimited” plans come with a catch — they won’t charge you for using more data, but you’ll typically find yourself slowed down to speeds below 1 mbps once you exceed the cap, meaning that you’d quickly lose the benefits of 5G in a pretty painful way — it would be like switching from a Bugatti to a bicycle.
While the problem isn’t entirely a new one — some of us can remember how LTE required higher data caps in much the same way, the speeds offered by full 5G coverage are orders of magnitude higher than not only LTE, but than what most typical home broadband networks will provide, so it’s going to be even more tempting to download large videos and games when you’re on the go rather than waiting until you get home, and to make matters worse, there’s a very good chance that most public Wi-Fi hotspots, while free of data caps, aren’t going to offer even a fraction of the performance that 5G will.
Your Mileage May Vary
Not surprisingly, however, 5G is going to have its growing pains, and while Van Boom’s stats showed how fast it will be at optimal speeds, he found quite a bit of variation, and the range of 5G is much more limited than typical LTE networks, so it won’t be hard to find yourself in an area of poor coverage simply by walking a single city block. Still, even the slowest speeds that Van Boom encountered in his travels came in at around 50 Mbps, which beat out typical LTE speeds in Australia, and most real-world LTE performance on U.S. carriers as well.
With 5G rollouts happening at a similarly slow pace in the U.S., there’s a good chance that coverage is going to be spotty even in major urban areas, and mostly non-existent outside of them — current estimates suggest that only 14 million Americans will have access to 5G at all by the end of 2020. So while by all reports Apple will be offering 5G in at least some of its iPhones next year, it’s unclear how much of a selling feature this will really be for most users.
Many so-called “experts” are claiming that it’ll be a huge step forward for innovation in everything from manufacturing and transportation, to medicine and beyond. But in reality, 5G technology represents an existential threat to humanity – a “phony war” on the people who inhabit this planet we call Earth, and all in the name of “progress.”
Writing for GreenMedInfo, Claire Edwards, a former editor and trainer in intercultural writing for the United Nations (U.N.), warns that 5G might end up being the straw that breaks the camel’s back in terms of the state of public health. Electro-hypersensitivity (EHS), she says, could soon become a global pandemic as a result of 5G implementation, with people developing severe health symptoms that inhibit their ability to live normal lives.
This “advanced” technology, Edwards warns, involves the use of special “laser-like beams of electromagnetic radiation,” or EMR, that are basically blasted “from banks of thousands of tiny antennas” installed all over the place, typically on towers and poles located within just a couple hundred feet of one another.
While she still worked for the U.N., Edwards tried to warn her superiors about the dangers of 5G EMR, only to have these petitions fall on deaf ears. This prompted her to contact the U.N. Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, who then pushed the World Health Organization (WHO) to take a closer look into the matter – though this ended up being a dead end as well.
For more news about 5G and its threat to humanity, be sure to check out Conspiracy.news.
The power of the elements: Discover Colloidal Silver Mouthwash with quality, natural ingredients like Sangre de Drago sap, black walnut hulls, menthol crystals and more. Zero artificial sweeteners, colors or alcohol. Learn more at the Health Ranger Store and help support this news site.
Elon Musk is planning to launch 4,425 5G satellites in to Earth’s orbit THIS JUNE
Edwards worries particularly about 5G implementation in space, as existing space law is so woefully inadequate that countries all around the world, including the U.S., will likely blanket the atmosphere in 5G equipment, turning our entire planet into an EMR hell.
Elon Musk of Tesla fame is one such purveyor of 5G technology who’s planning to launch an astounding 4,425 5G satellites in to Earth’s orbit by June 2019. This means that, in a matter of just a few months, 5G will be everywhere and completely inescapable.
“There are no legal limits on exposure to EMR,” Edwards writes.
“Conveniently for the telecommunications industry, there are only non-legally enforceable guidelines such as those produced by the grandly named International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection, which turns out to be like the Wizard of Oz, just a tiny little NGO in Germany that appoints its own members, none of whom is a medical doctor or environmental expert.”
Edwards sees 5G implementation as eventually leading to a “catastrophe for all life in Earth” in the form of “the last great extinction.” She likens it to a “biological experiment” representing the “most heinous manifestation of hubris and greed in human history.”
There’s already evidence to suggest that 5G implementation in a few select cities across the United States, including in Sacramento, California, is causing health problems for people who live near 5G equipment. At firehouses where 5G equipment was installed, for instance, firefighters are reporting things like memory problems and confusion.
Some people are also reporting reproductive issues like miscarriages and stillbirths, as well as nosebleeds and insomnia, all stemming from the presence of 5G transmitters.
Edwards encourages folks to sign The Stop 5G Appeal if they care about protecting people, animals, insects, and the planet from this impending 5G assault.
“Our newspapers are now casually popularizing the meme that human extinction would be a good thing, but when the question becomes not rhetorical but real, when it’s your life, your child, your community, your environment that is under immediate threat, can you really subscribe to such a suggestion?” Edwards asks.
As more self-driving cars hit the road in the coming years, sophisticated communications systems will rely on a fast, reliable network that’s capable of being a data superhighway.
Self-driving or autonomous cars are a hot topic, but the road to autonomous driving is curvy and complicated. It’s full of blind turns as engineers, automakers, regulators and data scientists map out a radically different future for automobiles.
That future is fast approaching. In January, the BMW Group, Intel and Mobileye said a fleet of about 40 of their autonomous test vehicles will be on roads by the second half of 2017. Intel already has a fleet of vehicles roaming the streets of Chandler, Ariz., as well as autonomous driving garages or “labs on wheels” operating in Germany, Oregon and California.
And those test vehicles will help each other learn.
Often when thinking about a self-driving car, it’s easy to consider it a singular thing — like the occasional driverless Google research car on the highway. It’s a cool car out there, but it has seemingly nothing to do with the driving experience of anyone else on the road.
But as more autonomous cars come on the scene, that notion of singularity will change. Autonomous cars cannot exist in vacuum — the more cars on the road, the more developed, safe and sophisticated the autonomous infrastructure will become.
“Autonomous cars require us to consider many things previously thought impossible,” said Kevin Hattendorf, a director of product marketing in Intel’s Automated Driving Group (ADG). “And a lot of it hinges on a strong communications system.”
While each car is an individual vehicle, it will actually become part of a complex ecosystem where communication — how cars talk to other cars, to road-side infrastructure, the network and finally data centers — is key.
Unlocking the true potential of automated driving requires a reliable, robust and pervasive wireless network. Hattendorf said these requirements are the basis of 5G networks, which are expected to become available starting in 2020, but trails are already underway.
Simply put, 5G is the next “G” or “Generation” of wireless networks. It will let more data move at higher speeds with lower latency and ultra-reliability, and it will be essential in supporting the billions of connected devices —everything from smart buildings to internet-connected wineries.
“The big difference with 5G is that when you start to talk about “autonomy” and factories, cars and hospitals thinking for themselves, they will rely on split-second connectivity to do so – with no room for error,” said Aicha Evans is senior vice president and general manager of the Communication and Devices Group at Intel Corporation, in February just ahead of Mobile World Congress.
Autonomous cars, said Hattendorf, will crunch through terabytes of data per car, every day. They rely on a slew of sensors — cameras, lidar and radar — that identify information about the environment around the vehicle. Cameras might see a person, for example, but radar can sense depth, recognizing the difference between a real human and, say, a cardboard cutout of a person.
The whole system must work in tandem, and each piece requires a significant amount of compute power and data synthesization. The accumulated collected data enables them to absorb and learn from aggregated experiences and environments.
“All this data is then collected and sent to the data center,” said Hattendorf. The data center intakes all the data and, using deep learning and machine learning protocols and tools, creates the instruction set that is then communicated to the vehicles, teaching them what’s what in the world around them and what should be done, how the cars should react. Cars start to recognize and differentiate moving objects — a human, a dog, a ball rolling in the street — because they’ve learned from aggregate experiences.
That learning also helps cars understand when an anomaly occurs. If, say, a giraffe starts walking across the street, the car can recognize the anomaly, send the information back to the data center, which can then create a new set of rules.
There are many data-hungry steps along the way. The car requires an in-vehicle compute platform that can respond in real time with an in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI). It needs a way to connect to other vehicles, to communicate ‘hey, I’ve learned this, you should learn it too’ as well as sending information to the cloud, or data center, where the information can help cars understand everything from upcoming stoplight and recent collision to running dog and galloping giraffe.
How Do We Avoid the Dog?
So much data bouncing around will require a sophisticated communications network that can handle it all. That’s where 5G comes in.
Prakash Kartha, responsible for Strategic Marketing for Connected Cars, said 5G is like the data superhighway for autonomous cars. Current LTE networks, he said, are incapable of handling the job.
It’s a hard thing to think about so much data traveling at massive speeds, so Kartha broke it down.
“Think about a pipe,” he said. “You can have a pipe that’s thin and long, or you can have a pipe that’s thick and short.” Smaller amounts of data can fit through the long pipe, but it’ll take longer to travel. He said if more data is traveling at a much higher frequency via a wider, shorter pipe, more stuff gets through the pipe, but the range will be shorter.
For the car navigating the streets, real-time data (captured via sensors) will dictate operations through the in-vehicle compute platform.
But for long-term learning, said Kartha, cars will upload and download information intermittently in opportunistic bursts and data showers — while at a gas station, parking lot, intersections or at home. That’s when a car will be able to upload huge amounts of data.
Many cars out there in the world are already collecting data over LTE — think Ubers, Google cars, or BMWs.
“But ask yourself — do you have the same connectivity experience today in an LTE-connected car that you have on an iPhone? Now consider the data needs of autonomous driving. The LTE network today is not usable for handling that kind of data,” said Kartha, who works with teams developing new millimeter wave technology that will allow big bursts of data to be transferred quickly.
This is where 5G comes in and it doesn’t stop there. When sensors lack line of sight, or during adverse weather conditions, lower frequency 5G radios will provide, said Kartha, “an added blanket of protection” by communicating (reliably and fast) with nearby vehicles and road-side infrastructure.
What Happens in the Cloud?
Intel CEO Brian Krzanich recently said each autonomous car is expected to generate up 4,000 GB of data per day, every day — that’s the data equivalent of almost 3,000 people. Add to that the estimated 50 billion other “things” expected to be wirelessly connected by 2020 — the “cloud” is going to be overloaded, right?
No, said Hattendorf, quick to point out there’s no single world cloud — but instead data centers will come in different shapes and sizes.
“Companies will have different strategies,” he said. “Some will say, ‘You know what? The data that we collect is going to be so important, I’m going to own it. I’m not going to outsource anything so I’m going to build my own data center.’”
Other companies might have data centers distributed geographically while others, he said, might tap into capabilities provided by a third-party data center.
Regardless, these data centers will need the 5G network to move data, analyze it, create algorithms and send those learnings back to the car.
While widespread adoption of self-driving cars is a ways out, construction of the data superhighway is well underway.
ARYAN'S BLOG 