Day: 01/08/2015

Glyphosate contamination will cause 50% of children to be autistic by 2025, according to researcher

Posted by

0


Today, 1 in 68 children have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the U.S., a rate that’s increased 30 percent since 2012, according to a March 2014 report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Boys are five times more likely than girls to have ASD, and white children are more prone to the condition than black or Hispanic children.

children

Speaking at a conference sponsored by the holistic-focused Groton Wellness organization, research scientist Dr. Stephanie Seneff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology presented data showing a consistent correlation between glyphosate (a key ingredient in Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide), and the rise in autism.

Dr. Seneff also made an alarming prediction regarding the recent spike in ASD: “At today’s rate, by 2025, one in two children will be autistic.”

According to a fellow panelist, “All of the 70 or so people in attendance were squirming, likely because they now had serious misgivings about serving their kids, or themselves, anything with corn or soy, which are nearly all genetically modified and thus tainted with Roundup and its glyphosate.”

Kids with autism have biomarkers indicative of glyphosate toxicity

It’s unsurprising that Dr. Seneff struck a cord with other professionals at the special panel on genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as she’s most certainly an expert on the matter. She’s published over 170 scholarly peer-reviewed articles and is an expert in biology and technology. She’s also listed as the first author on 7 out of 10 papers published in various medical and health journals on modern diseases as well as drug side effects, nutritional deficiencies and the impacts of environmental toxins on our health, according to reports.

During the special panel discussion, Dr. Seneff spoke about the alignment between the side effects of glyphosate toxicity and autism, noting that they closely “mimic” one another. The illustrations she presented show that, since Monsanto’s Roundup became a flagship weedkiller in 1990, the number of kids with ASD has soared from 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 68.

Seneff’s research shows that children with autism have biomarkers indicative of excessive glyphosate, including zinc and iron deficiencies, low serum sulfate, seizures and mitochondrial disorder, according to the Alliance for Natural Health.

Monsanto denies all evidence pointing to such a connection, arguing that Roundup is harmless because humans don’t have a shikimate pathway, which the chemical inhibits. However, Seneff notes that our gut bacteria do in fact have this pathway, and these bacteria are crucial for supplying the body with amino acids.

Seneff also argues that most studies on the dangers of Roundup are too short to truly identify the effects of Roundup accumulation in the body over time.

According to Seneff, there are two key problems with autism that are completely unrelated to the brain but are connected to glyphosate exposure:

1. Gut dysbiosis (an upset in the natural balance of microorganisms in the gut)

2. Disrupted sulfur metabolism (sulfur and sulfate deficiency)

While certain microbes break down glyphosate, they leave behind ammonia, and, interestingly, children with ASD tend to have higher ammonia levels, explains Seneff in an interview with Jeffrey Smith of the Institute for Responsible Technology.

Seneff says Roundup has the following side effects: It kills beneficial gut bacteria, allowing pathogens to grow; interferes with the synthesis of amino acids and methionine, which leads to shortages in critical neurotransmitters and folate; chelates (removes) important minerals like iron, cobalt and manganese, and much more.

Sources:

http://www.cdc.gov

http://www.anh-usa.org

http://people.csail.mit.edu

http://themindunleashed.org

https://www.youtube.com

http://www.theepochtimes.com

http://www.epidemicanswers.org

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/048226_glyphosate_contamination_autism_gmos.html#ixzz3OLAuSEP7

FDA Approves Extended Release Levodopa-Carbidopa

Posted by

0


Today MJFF-awardee Impax Pharmaceuticals announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved RYTARY, an extended-release oral capsule formulation of levodopa-carbidopa, for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

“The FDA approval of RYTARY (pronounced rye-TAR-ee) is an important new development for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease,” said Fred Wilkinson, president and CEO, Impax Laboratories. “RYTARY is designed to address one of the most significant unmet needs for patients living with Parkinson’s disease, which is to reduce the amount of time during the day when their symptoms are not adequately controlled.”

Participants in a Phase III clinical trial experienced nearly an hour and a half less “off time” per day when taking the drug, as compared with carbidopa-levodopa plus entacapone, another drug to lengthen efficacy of levodopa.

Rare Butterfly is Half Male, Half Female

Posted by

0


An unusual butterfly that is half male and half female recently caught the eyes of a volunteer at a butterfly exhibit at Drexel University in Philadelphia.
Chris Johnson, a retired chemical engineer from Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, was volunteering at the exhibit when he stumbled across the unusual sight.
Johnson noticed that the insect’s two right wings were typical of the females of its species — they were larger, and brown with yellow and white spots. But its two left wings were smaller and darker, with splashes of green, blue and purple, a pattern characteristic of males.

“I thought, somebody’s fooling with me. It’s just too perfect,” Johnson said in a statement. “Then I got goose bumps.”
Johnson spotted the creature while emptying out the butterfly exhibit’s pupa chamber, where the insects hatch from their chrysalises and cocoons. “It slowly opened up, and the wings were so dramatically different, it was immediately apparent what it was,” he said.
Johnson and his supervisor, exhibit coordinator David Schloss, isolated the butterfly and contacted Entomology Collection Manager Jason Weintraub.
A butterfly expert later confirmed that the remarkable insect was a Common Archduke butterfly (Lexias pardalis) with a rare condition called gynandromorphy, which means outwardly having both male and female characteristics. (This is distinct from hermaphroditism, in which an organism has both male and female reproductive organs, but has external characteristics of one gender.)
The condition is most commonly noticed in birds and butterflies, whose two sexes can have very different coloration, Weintraub said. It can occur when the sex chromosomes fail to separate during cell division in early development, a process known as nondisjunction. As a result of this failure, some of the animal’s cells have a female genotype, and others have a male genotype, giving rise to an animal with both male and female characteristics.
Because gynandromorphy can be easily overlooked in species in which the two sexes look similar to each other, scientists don’t know how rare the condition is.
The butterfly that Johnson found is a member of a species belonging the family Nymphalidae, commonly known as “brush-footed” butterflies, and it lives in tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia. It was shipped in October 2014, in a group of pupas from a sustainable butterfly farm on Penang Island in Malaysia, according to the academy staff.
Differences between the males and females of any species result from a process called sexual selection, in which one gender (usually females) select mates of the other gender based on the presence of certain traits, which become passed from generation to generation over thousands of years.
The rare butterfly was preserved and pinned, and will be on display at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University for visitors to see from Jan. 17 through Feb. 16, the academy staff said.

‘Cyborg’ spinal implant could help paralysed walk again .

Posted by

0


It might seem like science fiction but a new implant which attaches directly to the spine could help paralysed people walk again

Cyborg' spinal implant could help paralysed walk again

Paralysed patients have been given new hope of recovery after rats with severe spinal injuries walked again through a ‘groundbreaking’ new cyborg-style implant.

In technology which could have come straight out of a science fiction novel or Hollwood movie, French scientists have created a thin prosthetic ribbon, embedded with electrodes, which lies along the spinal cord and delivers electrical impulses and drugs.

The prosthetic, described by British experts as ‘quite remarkable’, is soft enough to bend with tissue surrounding the backbone to avoid discomfort.

Paralysed rats who were fitted with the implant were able to walk on their own again after just a few weeks of training.

Researchers at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne are hoping to move to clinical trials in humans soon. They believe that a device could last 10 years in humans before needing to be replaced.

“Our e-Dura implant can remain for a long period of time on the spinal cord or cortex,” said Professor Stéphanie Lacour.

“This opens up new therapeutic possibilities for patients suffering from neurological trauma or disorders, particularly individuals who have become paralyzed following spinal cord injury.”

Previous experiments had shown that chemicals and electrodes implanted in the spine could take on the role of the brain and stimulate nerves, causing the rats’ legs to move involuntarily when they were placed on a treadmill.

But this is the first study to show a simple gadget can help rats walk again and be tolerated by the body.

Scientists have struggled to find a device which will sit next to the spine or brain because both are surrounded by a protective envelope of tissue which the hard surface of implants can rub against, causing inflammation and scar tissue.

  • The electronic ribbon is placed directly onto the spinal cord

However the new gadget is flexible and stretchy enough that it can be placed directly onto the spinal cord. It closely imitates the mechanical properties of living tissue, and can simultaneously deliver electric impulses and drugs which activate cells.

The implant is made of silicon and covered with gold electric conducting tracks that can be pulled and stretched. The electrodes are made of silicon and platinum microbeads which can also bend in any direction without breaking.

Writing in the journal Science, where the results were published, science writer Robert Service said: “Soft flexible nerves connected to unyielding silicon and metal – the combination has spawned many a Hollywood cybord.

“The implants Lacour’s team created still have to be wired to the out- side world to operate, but she and her colleagues are designing wireless versions of the technology. Watch out, Hollywood, reality is catching up.”

The research was praised by British scientists.

“The work described here is a groundbreaking achievement of technology, which could open a door to a new era in treatment of neuronal damage,” said Dr Dusko Ilic, Reader in Stem Cell Science at King’s College London.

“Until now, the most advanced prostheses in intimate contact with the spinal cord caused quite substantial damage to tissue in just one week due to their stiffness.

“There is still a long way to go before we may see any practical use of such neuroprostheses in humans. But it may be that it is something that could potentially be developed for use in humans in the foreseeable future.”

Prof John Hunt, Head of Unit of Clinical Engineering, University of Liverpool, added: “This study in rats is an interesting one and it could have the potential to be quite promising in terms of being applicable to people with spinal injuries.”

The implant has been primarily tested in cases of spinal cord injury in paralyzed rats but researchers believe it could eventually be used in epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and pain management.

The scientists are planning to move towards clinical trials in humans within the next few years.

The research was published in the journal Science.

Do Tablets Really Mess With Your Sleep?

Posted by

0


If you use a tablet before to go to bed, will it cause insomnia? Will it cause cancer?

A recently published study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencessuggested that reading on an iPad or tablet before bed seem to make it harder to fall asleep. For the study, 12 subjects each read books either in paper form or on an iPad for four hours a night, five nights in a row. The next week they switched to the other format and did the same thing for next five nights.

Subjects who read on an iPad had a harder time falling asleep, spent less time in REM sleep, and reported feeling more tired the next day. The authors of the report hypothesize that the low-wavelength blue light emitted from the digital readers inhibited the release of the hormone melatonin which, in turn, lead to less sleepy-time.

Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone that your body synthesizes from tryptophan—the amino acid in turkey that is supposedly responsible for that post-Thanksgiving food coma many Americans know all too well. (FYI, chicken has higher levels of tryptophan than turkey, so the post-turkey sleepiness people feel is probably just a sugar crash).

Scientists have mapped in detail how the human body transforms tryptophan into melatonin: it requires an enzyme called AANAT, and the gene responsible for making AANAT is deactivated when exposed to light. There is evidence connected suppression of melatonin production with higher rates of breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. So using a tablet before bed could have bigger impacts than just grogginess the next day.

One important point that the author of the study points out however is that the subjects only used an ipad, at full brightness. They didn’t examine other front-lit devices, and it’s possible just lowering the brightness could curtail these potentially negative effects.

Have you noticed any trouble sleeping after reading on a table before bed? Have you noticed any other strange symptoms when using your iPad or e-reader? Please share in the comments section below.
“A new study has claimed that light-emitting e-readers ‘negatively affect sleep, circadian timing and next-morning alertness’ when used in the evening. However, those reading the resulting coverage should look into the details before worrying too much.”
“Use of a light-emitting electronic device (LE-eBook) in the hours before bedtime can adversely impact overall health, alertness, and the circadian clock which synchronizes the daily rhythm of sleep to external environmental time cues, according to researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) who compared the biological effects of reading an LE-eBook compared to a printed book.”

Functional tissue-engineered intestine grown from human cells

Posted by

0


Tissue-engineered small intestine grown from human cells replicates key aspects of a functioning human intestine, researchers have demonstrated. The work brings surgeons one step closer to helping human patients using this regenerative medicine technique.
Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD; The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles
A new study by researchers at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles has shown that tissue-engineered small intestine grown from human cells replicates key aspects of a functioning human intestine. The tissue-engineered small intestine they developed contains important elements of the mucosal lining and support structures, including the ability to absorb sugars, and even tiny or ultra-structural components like cellular connections.

Published online January 8 by the American Journal of Physiology: GI & Liver, the work brings surgeons one step closer to helping human patients using this regenerative medicine technique.

Tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) grows from stem cells contained in the intestine and offers a promising treatment for short bowel syndrome (SBS), a major cause of intestinal failure, particularly in premature babies and newborns with congenital intestinal anomalies. TESI may one day offer a therapeutic alternative to the current standard treatment, which is intestinal transplantation, and could potentially solve its largest challenges — donor shortage and the need for lifelong immunosuppression.

Tracy C. Grikscheit, MD, a principal investigator in The Saban Research Institute of CHLA and its Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine program, is also a pediatric surgeon at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and an assistant professor of surgery at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.

Grikscheit aims to help her most vulnerable young patients, including babies who are born prematurely and develop a devastating disease called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), where life-threatening intestinal damage requires removal of large portions of the small intestine. Without enough intestinal length, the babies are dependent on intravenous feeding, which is costly and may cause liver damage. NEC and other contributors to intestinal failure occur in 24.5 out of 100,000 live births, and the incidence of SBS is increasing. Nearly a third of patients die within five years.

CHLA scientists had previously shown that TESI could be generated from human small intestine donor tissue implanted into immunocompromised mice. However, in those initial studies — published in July 2011 in the biomedical journal Tissue Engineering, Part A — only basic components of the intestine were identified. For clinical relevance, it remained necessary to more fully investigate intact components of function such as the ability to form a healthy barrier while still absorbing nutrition or specific mechanisms of electrolyte exchange.

The new study determined that mouse TESI is highly similar to the TESI derived from human cells, and that both contain important building blocks such as the stem and progenitor cells that will continue to regenerate the intestine as a living tissue replacement. And these cells are found within the engineered tissue in specific locations and in close proximity to other specialized cells that are known to be necessary in healthy human intestine for a fully functioning organ.

“We have shown that we can grow tissue-engineered small intestine that is more complex than other stem cell or progenitor cell models that are currently used to study intestinal regeneration and disease, and proven it to be fully functional as it develops from human cells,” said Grikscheit. “Demonstrating the functional capacity of this tissue-engineered intestine is a necessary milestone on our path toward one day helping patients with intestinal failure.”

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Childrens Hospital Los Angeles.Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

  1. Christa Nicole Grant, Garcia Mojica Salvador, Frederic G Sala, Jeffrey Ryan Hill, Daniel E Levin, Allison L Speer, Erik R Barthel, Hiroyuki Shimada, Nicholas C. Zachos, Tracy C. Grikscheit. Human and Mouse Tissue-Engineered Small Intestine Both Demonstrate Digestive And Absorptive Function. American Journal of Physiology: GI & Liver, January 2015 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00111.2014

Why Brown Rice is better than White Rice.

Posted by

0


Want to lose weight and still eat rice? Just switch to brown rice instead of white. Apart from being more nutritious, it also has fat-burning properties.

What is brown rice? How is it different from white rice?

It is just normal rice but with all the nutrients still intact. The reason brown rice has many more nutrients than regular white rice is due to the fact that brown rice has only th…e outer layer, called the hull(husk), removed while white rice has been refined for convenience removing several nutritious layers—therefore losing all nutrients.
The next time you feel sluggish reach for brown rice.

541331_445291318854381_1902473253_n

It has several health benefits:~ 

Brown rice has more than 80% of your daily value of manganese, which gives you energy from both carbohydrates and proteins.
Manganese also helps synthesize fatty acids, which keeps your nervous system in working order.

The fiber in brown rice produces the best health benefit of all – fat burning! In addition to requiring more energy to break it down, the fiber in brown rice helps satisfy your appetite and therefore decreases your chances of overeating. That is the equation for fat loss – eat less and burn more!

The fiber and selenium found in brown rice can also reduce your risk of many types of cancer, which is a health benefit we could all use. Finally, oils found in brown rice can help lower cholesterol, which according to research, we eat too much of already

GW-Otsuka Cannabinoid Cancer Pain Candidate Fails First of 3 Phase III Trials

Posted by

1


GW-Otsuka Cannabinoid Cancer Pain Candidate Fails First of 3 Phase III Trials

  • GW Pharmaceuticals and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization said today their Phase III experimental cannabinoid drug Sativex® missed its primary endpoint in the first of three Phase III trials, showing no statistically significant difference from placebo in easing the pain of advanced cancer patients.

    The trial was designed to assess whether Sativex, when used as adjunctive treatment to optimized chronic opioid therapy, could effectively treat pain in patients with advanced cancer who experienced inadequate analgesia.

    The trial’s primary efficacy measure was a patient assessment of pain using a 0-to-10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) whose data was analyzed primarily on the basis of percent improvement from baseline. Improvement was also analyzed using a cumulative proportion of responders analysis (CPRA).

    Neither analysis showed a statistically significant difference between Sativex and placebo. GW said efficacy data from U.S. sites showed more positive trends than those in non-U.S. sites, consistent with data from the Phase IIb trial—but the difference was not statistically significant.

    Sativex was well tolerated by patients, the companies said, with only two adverse events reported at greater than 10% patients taking the experimental drug: Neoplasm progression (16% on Sativex vs 18% on placebo) and somnolence (12% on Sativex vs 4% on placebo). The third most-frequent event was dizziness (8% on Sativex vs 5% on placebo). A total of 38 patients (19%) withdrew due to adverse events on Sativex compared with 29 (15%) placebo users.

    The Phase III trial assessed Sativex at a dose range of 3-to-10 sprays per day over five weeks, with an additional 5-to-14 day stabilization period at the beginning of the trial and a one-week follow-up at the end. A total 399 patients were recruited at sites in the U.S., Mexico, and Europe.

    GW and Otsuka said they expected to generate better results later this year from the remaining two Phase III trials to support an NDA to the FDA.

    The second Phase III pivotal trial, identical to the first, is expected to report top-line results in the second quarter of this year.  GW and Otsuka are also conducting a third Phase III trial, in which the effects of Sativex in treating opioid-resistant cancer pain will be studied on about 540 patients. The third Phase III trial differs in design from the first two trials, and is expected to generate results “towards the end of 2015,” the companies said.

    “We believe that cannabinoid therapy offers a potentially novel approach as a co-analgesic to provide pain relief beyond opioid therapy, Prof. Marie Fallon, M.D., the trial’s principal investigator and professor of palliative care at University of Edinburgh, said in a statement.

    Sativex previously completed a Phase IIb dose ranging study and Phase IIa study. Both studies produced more positive results, reporting that Sativex showed statistically significant improvements compared with placebo using the same primary measure as in the Phase III trial.

    “Based upon the positive data seen in the Phase II program, we remain confident in the ability for Sativex to relieve cancer pain in this patient population,” GW CEO Justin Gover stated.

    Sativex is the world’s first plant-derived cannabinoid prescription drug, already approved for the treatment of spasticity due to multiple sclerosis in 27 countries—but not in the U.S., where the company has submitted a Special Protocol Assessment request to the FDA for a proposed single Phase III study in that indication.

    The drug won approval in MS spasticity in Europe following trials that employed a two-part “enriched” trial design to be used in the third Phase III study for cancer pain.

Breast Size And Mental Health: Women With Bigger Boobs More Likely To Have Lower Self-Esteem And Eating Disorders

Posted by

0


Most women have looked in the mirror and had a moment where they believed their breasts were a reflection of self-image. Whether they’re small breasts, large breasts, or average-sized breasts, they can have many implications when it comes to a woman’s mental health. According to recent study published in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, asymmetrical (uneven) or macromastia (abnormally large) breasts can lead to mental health problems, from lower self-esteem to eating disorders.

Woman looking at herself in the mirror

The right versus the left breast of any woman is very often different in size and shape, according to Healthy Women. It’s common for girls to have different-sized breasts or nipples, especially as they develop during puberty. This is known as breast asymmetry and affects more than half of all women. Dr. Brian I. Labow, lead author of the study and ASPS Member Surgeon of Boston Children’s Hospital, believes breast asymmetry is more than just a “cosmetic issue” and that it can have negative psychological and emotional effects on women.

In the first study to analyze mental health implications of breast size, Labow and his collegues sought to measure the impact of adolescent breast asymmetry compared with macromastia and females with normal breasts. A total of 59 young women aged 12 to 21 years, who all had breasts differing by at least one bra cup size, were recruited to answer the Short Form Health Survery, Version 2 Short Form-36), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Eating Attitudes Test. Similar tests were carried out on a group of girls without breast asymmetry.

The tests conducted among all groups of girls ascertained how well the participants functioned psychologically and socially. The females also did a series of tests to score their health-related quality of life. About 40 percent of the participants had tuberous breast deformity — a condition in which the breasts don’t develop normally.

The findings revealed there is a negative impact for women with asymmetrical breasts, extra-large breasts, and those with a relatively mild difference in breast size. Several aspects of mental health and well-being were lower for girls with different-sized breasts compared to those with normal breasts. They also had significantly lower scores for emotional well-being and self-esteem even after researchers adjusted for differences in body weight. Asymmetrical breasts were also associated with borderline issues in social functioning, eating behaviors, and attitudes.

“The observed impaired psychological well-being of adolescents with breast asymmetry may indicate the need for early intervention to minimize negative outcomes,” the authors wrote, according to the press release. The findings raise awareness that no provision currently exists for young women born with different-sized breasts. This means treatment is often not reimbursed by insurance because there is “no functional impairment.”

Labow and his coauthors emphasize this doesn’t necessarily mean surgery, especially for younger girls, “consultation and support” may be appropriate. For girls who have finished growing and still have breast asymmetry, surgical correction may reap emotional benefits for patients. Early interventions should include weight control and mental health counseling.

According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons’ latest statistics, there has been a 70 percent increase in breast lifts and a 37 percent growth in breast augmentation since 2000. Interventions and surgery could make the difference between poorer self-image and confidence for women with breast asymmetry. It could also prevent the onset of mental health issues.

Source: Cerrato FE, DiVasta AD, Faulkner HR et al. Psychological Impact of Breast Asymmetry on Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 2014.

Common cold ‘prefers cold noses’

Posted by

0


Nose wiping

The virus behind the common cold is much happier in a cold nose, US researchers suggest.

Their study showed the human immune system was weaker in cooler temperatures, allowing the virus to thrive.

The researchers suggested keeping your nose warm and avoiding cold air while infected.

The findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,

Rhinoviruses are one of the main groups of virus that leaves our noses streaming and us sneezing.

The team at Yale University tested rhinoviruses at a nose temperature of 33C, and a normal body temperature of 37C.

“We’ve known for 50 years that it replicated better in the nose, but the mechanism has never been clearly defined,” researcher Dr Akiko Iwasaki told the BBC.

She said the immune system became weaker in a cold nose and gave the virus more opportunities to replicate.

Two important tools – a set of sensors that detect infection and chemicals that co-ordinate the immune response – were less effective at cooler temperatures.

Dr Iwasaki said: “In general, the lower the temperature, it seems the lower the innate immune response to viruses.”

Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus is one of the major sources of the common cold

She said her findings could help explain why the common cold is more common in the cold months of winter.

But cautioned that it was “much more complicated”.

Other factors including different human behaviour in winter compared with summer have also been implicated in winter colds.

However, Dr Iwasaki did suggest some ways of fighting a cold: “You can always stay in warm tropical weather or try to prevent the nasal cavity experiencing very cold air.”

Jonathan Ball, a professor of virology the University of Nottingham, said the findings could explain why rhinoviruses infect the nose rather than warmer parts of the body like the lungs.

He told the BBC: “We know the temperature of the cells lining the nose are cooler than other less exposed parts of the body.

“This could explain why the rhinovirus causes colds and is less able to cause more serious lung infections, like influenza does.”