Why the Pain Drug That Killed Prince Can Be Especially Dangerous


Fentanyl’s fast action is great for pain relief but adds to its risks.

Many questions still remain about the tragic and untimely death of musician and cultural icon Prince, but a report released last Thursday by the Anoka County, Minn., Midwest Medical Examiner’s Office answered a big one: Prince’s death was caused by an accidental overdose of the powerful opioid drug fentanyl. Little is known for certain about the circumstances leading up to his death but it now appears that, like millions of Americans, Prince was taking opioids to manage chronic pain.

Fentanyl is an opioid drug—a chemically synthesized relative of opiates such as morphine and heroin, which are derived from the opium poppy. The drugs mimic our brains’ own pain-regulating molecules called endogenous opioids, which act at receptors found throughout the nervous system. All opioid drugs have the ability to dampen pain. In fact, opioids are so good at relieving pain that they are considered the gold standard against which all other analgesic drugs are measured. But that relief comes with significant risks. Opioids carry a range of side effects, the most severe of which apparently took Prince’s life: death by respiratory depression, meaning that he stopped breathing.

“In a way, Prince is a poster child for what can happen with chronic use—and increasing doses—of these very powerful drugs,” says Gary Franklin, a researcher at the University of Washington and medical director of the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. Franklin speculates that Prince, like so many others, may have been being treated with opioids for chronic pain and developed tolerance—meaning that over time higher and higher doses are required to achieve the same pain relief. As doses escalate, so do risks. “It turns out that it doesn’t take long to develop physical dependence, which means that when you try to cut back on the dose, you get withdrawal symptoms. It’s a vicious cycle,” Franklin adds.

If Prince had built up tolerance to opioids, how did he die of an overdose? The specific drug—fentanyl—found in Prince’s body is particularly powerful; it is 100 times more potent than morphine. For example, the effects of a standard 10-milligram dose of morphine can be achieved with just 100 micrograms of fentanyl. Among opioid drugs, fentanyl is particularly fast-acting, which can make it more lethal in some situations.

Prince had a long history of clean, drug-free living, suggesting that he would not use street drugs. However, fentanyl is often mixed with heroinor other drugs and sold illegally, which accounts for many of the other deaths in which it is involved—as users may be unaware that their heroin is cut with the stronger drug. And pharmaceutical fentanyl was once prescribed only for severe short-term pain, such as after surgery, but patients are increasingly receiving it to manage chronic pain, often in a patch that delivers the drug through the skin. Fentanyl is also administered in lollipop form, typically to terminal cancer patients with otherwise untreatable pain. Whatever the source, “we don’t know if Prince took the drug as directed or in excess,” says Lynn Webster, a pain and addiction specialist based in Salt Lake City and past president of the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

The death certificate did not name any other drugs in his system but a number of medications—from other types of opioids to sleeping pills—would have increased fentanyl’s risks in any user. Prince’s small stature—the medical report listed him as 1.6 meters and 50 kilograms at death—did not likely contribute to an overdose death, according to Webster. “Most people who die from respiratory depression—they go to sleep and don’t wake up,” Franklin says. “This was different in the sense that he [presumably] passed out while awake” in the elevator where he was found an estimated six hours after his death.

Despite the fact that Prince died of an overdose of an opioid drug, whether or not he might have been addicted is another matter. “I’m not so sure he was addicted,” Webster says. “I have not seen evidence that he was addicted.” An opioid user can develop tolerance and even physical dependence on the drugs without being addicted. Less than 10 percent of patients taking opioids for chronic pain develop addiction in the classical sense, Webster says.

Prince’s plane did make an emergency landing a few days before his death in order to get a life-saving dose of Narcan, or naloxone, a drug that counteracts opioids and can prevent overdose death. “The fact that he had already had an overdose episode—when death is prevented once by naloxone—that indicates big trouble,” Franklin says.

Would medical marijuana have been a better pain relief option for singer Prince?


Prince was a famed American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor, who enjoyed huge success and popularity. He died on April 21, 2016.

Prince is well-known to have suffered from debilitating pain in his hips, which has been attributed to years of dancing on stage in high-heels. The recipient of double hip replacement surgery in 2010, he is said to have relied heavily on opiate pain medications to provide him with relief from his chronic pain. Although was no sign of suicide or foul play regarding his death, the icon had struggled with opioid dependence, and in fact, was scheduled to meet with an opioid addiction specialist the day after he was found dead.

Chronic pain management requires, in many cases, the taking of strong, often-opiate based medications. Patients who take these pain killers on a daily basis can become seriously dependent on pain killers over an extended amount of time. Withdrawals from pain killers are not pleasant to go through or see anyone go through, with severe body aches for hours as a result of withdrawal.

There is a long list of side effects of Percocet, the pain-killer Prince was apparently taking, which include: chills, dizziness, fever, itching, tiredness, headaches, muscle tremors, numbness in the hands, pains in the abdomen, vomiting and more. One can easily overdose on Percocet, and complications include liver damage, liver failure and death.

How can marijuana manage pain and is it possible to overdose on marijuana?

There is scientific evidence that cannabinoids possess pain-relieving properties and some clinical evidence to support their medical use for patients suffering from painful conditions. More and more influential medical associations support cannabis and its derivatives for pain management and other medical conditions because research has shown it to be effective.

Is it possible to overdose on weed? The answer is no, according to the National Cancer Institute who state: “Because cannabinoid receptors, unlike opioid receptors, are not located in the brainstem areas controlling respiration, lethal overdoses from Cannabis and cannabinoids do not occur.”

Perhaps, had Prince taken medical marijuana to treat his chronic pain, he may have enjoyed a better quality of life and found an effective way to manage his condition.

 

Prince ‘diagnosed with AIDS weeks before his death and was preparing to die’ – shock US claims


Music icon Prince was “preparing to die for a little while” after being diagnosed with AIDS, according to reports in the US.

A music industry source interviewed by The National Enquirer messaged friends on April 19 to say the singer was suffering from the disease.

“He was in bad shape,” the source claimed to the newspaper, as reported by Radar Online.

“Doctors told Prince his blood count was unusually low and that his body temperature had dropped dangerously below the normal 98.6 degrees to 94 degrees.

“He was totally iron-deficient, very weak and often disoriented.

Musician Prince performs onstage at the 36th Annual NAACP Image Awards
Prince died last week

“He rarely ate and when he did, it all came right back up.”

The magazine claims the Purple Rain star was diagnosed with AIDS six months ago after contracting the HIV positive virus “in the 1990s”.

However due to his Jehovah’s Witness faith he refused medical treatment instead believing he could be cured by pray.

National Enquirer front page
Shock National Enquirer front page this week

“God can and will cure me,” he is alleged to have told friends.

Members of his faith are also claimed to have told him to ignore it, saying to the singer he had “everlasting life”.

According to the Enquirer the disease saw him lose more than five stone in weight with the source telling them: “His face was yellowish, the skin on his neck was hanging off and the tips of fingers were a brownish-yellow.”

Prince pictured in 2010

Days before he was dead in a lift at his Paisley Park home in Chanhassen, Minneapolis, he had been seen making runs to a local pharmacy to pick up bags of prescriptions.

An employee at the Walgreens that served Prince said: “We were all just shocked that he came in last night looking so beat. We said, ‘We are praying for you.’”

Prince leaving a Walgreens near his home in Minnesota Wednesday night (20th April) at around 7 PM
Prince leaving a Walgreens near his home

 

A day after his death Prince, 57, was cremated in a private ceremony attended by only three family members including his sister Tyka Nelson, 55.

The claims of Prince suffering from AIDS came as the Mirror learnt he was forced to return to touring in order to boost his finances after it was discovered his spending outstripped his income.

Despite his work being valued at more than £150 million he is said to have suffered “chronic money problems” for years before his death.

The star’s refusal to allow the rights to music and back catalogue to be sold placed an immense strain on his finances, sources close the singer have claimed.

Prince’s final words to his lawyer before he died at home in Minnesota
Tributes have been pouring in

Before his death the singer “consistently shut down” opportunities to fuel his finances, such as licensing his songs to be used in movies, TV shows and commercials.

A source said: “He refused to part with his art.

“He always remained true to his beliefs that his work was his own and despite lucrative offers his music was not for sale.

“To get much needed cash Prince braved the pain barrier to tour Australia earlier this year.

Prince has been remembered all over the world

“You can imagine the toll a 36 hour flight would take on his body.

“Although a genius of music, he was not a genius when it came to business.”

Sources close to the star point to how his frequent impulsive shows were poorly planned and involved little promotion, meaning that while some were successful, a lot were staged at a loss.

It had been reported that Prince’s estate was worth in the region of £200 but the figure is said to have been grossly exaggerated.

The rights to his music however have been estimated to be worth upwards of £150 million in the future.

Days before Prince’s death, two American websites posted a story about “a VERY popular African American celebrity” suffering from AIDS who they refused to name.

A skywritting tribute to Prince at the 2016 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival
A tribute to Prince

On April 18 Blind Gossip posted: “We just received word that a VERY popular African American celebrity – who has recently been in the news – now has what is being described as AIDS.

“Obviously since we are not able to 100% confirm the story – we’re going to leave it as a Blind Item. We want to make it clear we are NOT talking about Magic Johnson.

“This report really hurt our heart.

“According to a person extremely close to the situation, the celebrity, who is known for having a very extreme sexual past reportedly contracted the illness sometime in the 1990s.

“He kept the illness quiet but began taking his medication religiously up until about 2 years ago.”

They finished the article saying: “We’re told that the celebrity is expected to get sicker and sicker, and eventually pass. It can happen as soon as the summer.

“Very sad news.”

Prince another victim of Big Pharma? New evidence may point to the prescription opiate Percocet.


The world is still in shock over the sudden loss of one of its most talented and prolific musical artists, Prince, but new details continue to emerge that help explain what may have happened, and why the Minnesota-based talent died so suddenly.

Prince

Social media and various news and entertainment websites were reporting Friday that Big Pharma may have been partially to blame: The twitterverse exploded with news that Prince nearly overdosed on the opiate Percocet just days before his lifeless body was found in his home studio.

As reported by TMZ.com:

Prince had OD’d on Percocet days before his death, and he ingested so much, EMTs had to administer a “save shot” at the airport where his plane made an emergency landing to save his life.

Sources in Moline, Illinois tell TMZ, Prince’s entourage told responders he had taken the painkiller after his Atlanta concert which triggered the emergency.

Percocet is a painkiller which contains a combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone, an opioid. It is highly addictive.

We’re told Prince was taking painkillers for a hip problem. We’re told he had corrective surgery for his hips around 2010.

‘Agitated’

That “save shot” could have been Naloxone, trade name “Narcan,” which is carried by paramedics around the country, and made specifically for opioid overdoses. The drug works by quickly counteracting the opioid effect. That’s what Heavy.com thinks, anyway.

Entertainment site TMZ reported that Prince visited a local Walgreens store at least four times the week he died. The site also reported that it had taken photos of Prince looking agitated and pacing as he waited for his meds. They reported that employees of the Walgreens – which he frequented for years – were especially concerned in recent days because he appeared to be more frail and anxious than in previous visits.

Prince’s media team told reporters that he had been suffering from the flu, but reports about the overdose and Percocet make the flu story seem like a cover-up. That story began to fall apart almost immediately, however, after other news reports said that Prince’s plane was forced to make an emergency landing at an airport in Moline, Ill., less than 50 minutes from his home.

The entertainer was hospitalized there, but was discharged after only a few hours, TMZ reported.

The next day, Prince played a dance party near his home and strangely told the crowd at one point, “Wait a few days before you waste any prayers.”

More on the flight emergency from NBC News:

The final flight that a stricken Prince took from Atlanta last week made an emergency landing after an “unresponsive male” was reported on the plane, a source with direct knowledge of the incident [said].

So, obviously, the emergency was definitely real and the overdose was definitely happening.

‘Emergency call’

An autopsy of Prince’s body has been done already, but authorities are saying that the results may not be publicly released for weeks. Given Prince’s notorious independence, however, it’s possible his family may never want the true cause of death released.

According to NBC News, the emergency began earlier in the evening. A Prince representative said the entertainer had indicated he was not feeling well at his show the night before in Atlanta, and that his health only got worse after he boarded his plane at midnight for the flight home to Minnesota. In the meantime, his staff were canceling other shows he had scheduled.

“The private jet he was on was diverted about 300 miles before reaching Minneapolis to Moline, Illinois, according to flight records and statements made by Prince’s publicist last week,” NBC News reported. “The only flight scheduled from Atlanta to Minneapolis — and with a diversion to Moline — was a Dassault Falcon 990 jet operated by Executive Jet Management ‘Jet Speed.'”

The Moline Fire Department said it had received an emergency medical call to respond to the airport at around 2:15 a.m.

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/053781_Prince_Percocet_drug_overdose.html#ixzz478wBoFV2

WE’LL NEVER UNDERSTAND PRINCE, AND THAT’S WHY WE LOVE HIM


The most enthralling—and often most frustrating—aspect of being a fan of Prince was this: No matter what, you were never going to figure him out. You’d never be able to fully decode all of his intricate, ornate, mischievous lyrics. You’d never quite understand the reasoning for some of his sideways-twisting business and personal-life decisions. You’d barely even be able to keep up with his musical output, a gargantuan-sized, decades-spanning collection of music that ranged from popping synth-funk numbers to scorching guitar anthems to delicate, lights-dimming R&B ballads (and those are just the songs we heard; who knows how many hours of unheard material still sit in his infamous Paisley Park vaults). Prince, who died today at the age of 57, was never going to let anyone fully into his world. At best, we got small glimpses from time to time. The rest was left to our imaginations.

But the parts of that world we did get to see were like nothing else. In his earliest years, as he workshopped and woodshedded within the R&B and funk scenes of his native Minneapolis, he was one-part funk disciple, one-part ’70s guitar-god; his first truly great album, 1979’s Prince, was pure alchemy, a record that brought together dancefloor come-ons like “I Wanna Be Your Lover” and heavenly axe-shredders like “Bambi” so smoothly, it was as if those two sounds had always existed in the same space. But those early efforts were also, by Prince standards, relatively tame—like so many first-timers, he seemed nervous, almost endearingly so.

And so, we followed him, no matter what: We were his dearly beloved, he was our revolutionary leader, and even if we couldn’t fully understand where he was going, it was always going to be someplace new.

Then came Dirty Mind, an exquisitely sexed-up punk-funk masterpiece that solidified Prince’s reputation as a malleable, constantly-in-motion force that would be forever impossible to predict. Listen to the spare, aching bass of “When You Were Mine”; the whirling, kaleidoscopic keyboards of “Uptown”; or the touchingly horny lyrics of the title track: “I just want to lay ya down/In my daddy’s car/It’s you I really want to drive/but you never go too far.” This was a more forthright, dance-up-in-your-face Prince than just the year before, and he’d emerge again with 1982’s aptly titled Controversy; whether Prince had been holding himself back before, or whether he was simply growing up in front of the audience, was impossible to know. Really, who was this guy?

Amazingly, even as Prince (and his sound) got bigger—as he moved R&B and funk past the nearly all-white boundaries of rock radio—that question was never answered. He was always full of contradictions: A guy who sang about sex with alarming, turn-the-dial-before-mom-hears frankness, yet who somehow never seemed crass nor déclassé. An image-aware provocateur who dressed like this, yet retained an aura of shyness and vulnerability. A rock god who worshiped Joni Mitchell.

Prince-74290761.jpg

By the mid-’80s, Prince aspired to (and achieved) the kind of Top 40 infamy that very few of his contemporaries could manage. At the same time, he seemed to detest so much of the machinations of fame—particularly interviews, which he either dodged, canceled, or conducted with maddening vagueness. This became especially true when he’d reached the upper-stratosphere heights of pop stardom that came with 1982’s 1999 and 1984’s Purple Rain—two records that incited (and downright encouraged!) countless make-out sessions and slow-dances and shotgun-seat air-guitar riffs. (Quick sidebar: Perhaps because he was such a compelling frontman, it sometimes gets lost that Prince was one of the most remarkable guitar players ever, especially live; watching him burn through the opening the maelstrom of “When Doves Cry” was like seeing … I don’t know. I don’t know how to describe it. But if Prince were here, he’d be able to do so with a cozy, succinct one-liner that would put the rest of the room to shame.)

And so, we followed him, no matter what: We were his dearly beloved, he was our revolutionary leader, and even if we couldn’t fully understand where he was going, it was always going to be someplace new. In 1987, he released Sign o’ the Times, a record that would be his most personal and political album—and, among diehards, forever rank as his best, a two-disc extravaganza that found him addressing everything from social blight (the title track) to gender roles (“If I Was Your Girlfriend”) to religious epiphany (“The Cross”). On Sign, he was telling us more about himself than ever before, but he was also copping to confusion—about God, about sex, about who he was. Even Prince didn’t fully know Prince.

Even Prince didn’t fully know Prince.

By then, Prince had also become as much of a social icon as he had a musical one, albeit quietly. Who knows how many lonely teenagers, regardless of sex or race or gender, took inspiration from this soft-spoken, Midwestern boy who wore and sang whatever he wanted, who mixed with genres that had normally been kept in separate silos, and apologized for none of it? Prince, much like David Bowie or Madonna, bestowed upon his fans a giant permission slip, one that allowed them to be as strange or outrageous as they wanted to be. With Prince, experimentation was never taboo; it was simply a sign o’ the times.

Prince-469147008.jpg

Which is why, as the ’80s ended and Prince’s off-stage adventures became just as intriguing as his on-the-record work, he remained as vital as ever. There’s plenty to be said about his ’90s albums, some of which were phenomenal—especially 1991’s Diamonds and Pearlsand 1992’s Symbol (or whatever we’re calling it these days)—and some of which found him either struggling to keep pace with hip-hop or letting his passion for prolificness get the best of him. But even then, he was a pop-culture progressive: Embracing the web at time when most other artists thought it was a scam or a fad (though, being Prince, he’d reverse his opinion on this many times); taking on the record industry and demanding his rights as an artist, even though the big labels were still superpowers; and adopting a D.I.Y. attitude, both in his dealings and his music, that most big-name contemporaries wouldn’t have dared.

Did he always make it easy to love him? No. Did we ever stop? Of course not. In recent years, his concerts—full of medleys and solos and just general good times—were glorious to behold: Here was Prince, within our sights and our grasps, playing as though he were 30 years younger, still this beautiful and thoroughly unknowable force. You could pick any face out in the crowd, and ask what Prince they loved. For some, it was the sly funkster. For others, it was the stadium-commanding rocker or the spiritual inquisitor. We all dug our own picture of Prince; he could be whoever we wanted him to be, because of who he was—a smirking mystery open to interpretation, and a perpetual tease whose flirtations weren’t always consummated. Now that he’s gone, I’m guessing there’s nothing that would delight him more than knowing we’ll be spending the rest of our lives trying to figure him out—analyzing every song, testing every theory, and still talking about … Prince. That’s what he’d want. So let’s go crazy.

 

RIP PRINCE.