oxygen

NASA just detected oxygen in the Martian atmosphere

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NASA has detected oxygen in the upper Martian atmosphere with the help of an instrument on board the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Oxygen had been discovered on the red planet before; however, this is the first time its presence has been verified in wake of the Viking and Mariner missions more than 40 years ago.

The oxygen atoms were detected in the upper atmosphere of Mars called the mesosphere. The discovery will help shed light on how gases escaped from the Martian atmosphere millions of years ago. Although oxygen has been detected on Mars in the past, the amount of oxygen detected was half of what the researchers anticipated, which may be due to differences in the atmosphere.

“Atomic oxygen in the Martian atmosphere is notoriously difficult to measure,” said Pamela Marcum, a project scientist with SOFIA, in a press statement. “To observe the far-infrared wavelengths needed to detect atomic oxygen, researchers must be above the majority of Earth’s atmosphere and use highly sensitive instruments, in this case a spectrometer. SOFIA provides both capabilities,” she added.

Because Earth’s atmosphere is dense and moist, it is difficult to get a clear image of what lies beyond it. To overcome this hurdle, the researchers utilized SOFIA, a Boeing 747SP jetliner, which has a 100-inch diameter telescope latched to it.

The project is a joint collaboration between NASA and the German Aerospace Center. ASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, oversees the SOFIA program. The aircraft is based at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center’s hangar 703 in Palmdale, California, according to NASA’s website.

Sofia flew approximately 37,000–45,000 feet above most of the infrared-blocking moisture in Earth’s atmosphere. New detectors on one of the observatory’s instruments, the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (GREAT), helped the astronomers discern between oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere versus oxygen in Mars’s atmosphere.

The high vantage point and the specialized instrumentation that is tuned to look past Earth’s atmosphere helped the researchers make their calculations. Although the team has yet to provide precise figures on how much atomic oxygen is in the Martian mesosphere, they did claim it is lower than expected. As a result, the researchers will keep implementing SOFIA to probe other regions of the red planet to make sure the figure wasn’t simply the result of variations in the atmosphere.

Intravenous Ozone Therapy Offers Help for All.

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Wouldn’t it be great if there were a natural medicine that safely destroyed every bacteria, fungus, yeast and mold with virtually no adverse reaction? And what if it also destroyed every toxin, harmful free radical, and parasite in the body safely as well? One such treatment does exist and has been used by thousands of physicians in over 45 countries for over 70 years.

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Intravenous Ozone Therapy treatment consists of the use of medical grade oxygen and ozone gases safely injected into the vein. The extra “O” in the ozone molecule acts like a glue stealing an electron from anything in the body that it can latch onto. Healthy cells, which contain antioxidants, are not impacted but all pathogens are destroyed.

Despite its effectiveness in studies published on OzoneUniversity.com and the National Library of Medicine (PubMed.gov), thistherapy is not well known. Dr. Howard Robins, DPM, explains, “It may be hard to believe but the pharmaceutical industry along with the FDA has suppressed information and its use here in the USA, along with state health departments, because of the money that would be lost if the use of antibiotics, antivirals and antifungal medicines were diminished due to the amazing benefits of this treatment.”

“If you have a disease or condition that you haven’t been able to get rid of, Ozone Therapy will most likely be the answer, even for people that have suffered for years and have lost all hope,” says Robins.

Microparticles Deliver Oxygen.

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Researchers have developed fast-dissolving particles that may one day prevent organ damage or death by instantly infusing oxygen into the blood.

Scientists have crafted an injectable foam containing oxygen-carrying microparticles that could potentially be used to resuscitate patients undergoing severe oxygen deprivation. The team of researchers, most of whom work at Children’s Hospital Boston, demonstrated that the microparticle solution could rapidly oxygenate the blood of rabbits struggling to breath in low oxygen conditions. They report their findings in the latest issue of Science Translational Medicine.

“This is a potential breakthrough,” Peter Laussen, cardiac intensive care doctor at Children’s Hospital Boston who was not involved in the work, told ScienceNOW. “You can apply this across healthcare, from the battlefield to the emergency room, intensive care unit, or operating room.”

A body deprived of oxygen is a body in trouble. When major organs like the brain and heart don’t receive an adequate supply of oxygen they falter and fail, sometimes in minutes. Traditionally, physicians used therapies such as CPR and tracheal intubation, where a breathing tube ventilates the lungs after being inserted into a patient’s windpipe, to deliver fresh oxygen to the bloodstream of a person in the midst of a medical emergency.

The microparticles, which consist of spherical shells of lipids surrounding a small bubble of oxygen gas, deliver oxygen almost immediately to red blood cells in a way that is safer and more rapid than currently used methods. The research team, led by Children’s Hospital Boston cardiologist John Kheir, found that the solution could completely saturate red blood cells in oxygen-deprived rabbits within seconds of injection, and they kept rabbits with totally blocked airways alive for 15 minutes using the oxygen-infused microparticles. “Essentially as soon as we started injecting it, clinically we started to see an effect,” Kheir told ScienceNOW.

Researchers are now testing the microparticle solution on large animals, and if those and later human clinical trials are successful, the therapy could make its way into the clinic or other emergency situations. “This is still in its infancy,” Laussen added, “but this idea of a new and novel way to effectively deliver oxygen is, I think, very exciting.”

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Source: http://www.the-scientist.com