measles-mumps-rubella

Indications for the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine

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The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is a live-attenuated combined vaccine employed to combat infectious diseases (measles, rubella and mumps). It is also indicated in distinctive patient populations as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to rubella, mumps, and/or measles.

Indications for the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine

  • Measles-containing vaccines are suggested for the routine immunisation of children and adolescents who have not been immunised on a regular program.
  • It is also indicated for adults born after 1970 (who have not received immunisation).
  • Adults born before 1970 can be considered to possess natural immunity to measles; still, military personnel, healthcare workers, and susceptible travellers should receive the MMR vaccine. 
  • Women should be vaccinated before or during their reproductive years because rubella can lead to congenital malformations in the foetus.
  • Non-immunised female patients willing to become pregnant must be vaccinated with the MMR vaccine in no <1 month before becoming pregnant.
  • Pregnant women might be administered the MMR vaccine in measles or rubella outbreaks as the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.
  • The MMR vaccine must be administered after delivery to non-immunised patients, as it is safe during breastfeeding.
  • MMR vaccine can be given as PEP to the following individuals:
  • Patients between 6-12 months old who are immunocompetent and have had an exposure in the last 72 hours and non-pregnant women 12 months or older who are immunocompetent with exposure in the previous 6 days.
  • Individuals <six months, between 6-12 months, and who have suffered exposure >72 hours ago, pregnant, or immunocompromised must receive an immunoglobin preparation for PEP

Questions and answers about autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

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Q: What are autism spectrum disorders?

A: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of complex brain development disorders. This umbrella term covers conditions such as autism and Asperger syndrome. These disorders are characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication and a restricted and repetitive repertoire of interests and activities.

Q: How common are autism spectrum disorders?

A: Reviews estimate that 1 child in 160 has an autism spectrum disorder. This estimate represents an average figure, and reported prevalence varies substantially across studies. Some recent studies have, however, reported rates that are substantially higher.

Q: Do people with an autism spectrum disorder always suffer from intellectual disability?

A: The level of intellectual functioning is extremely variable in persons with an autism spectrum disorder, ranging from profound impairment to superior non-verbal cognitive skills. It is estimated that around 50% of persons with ASD also suffer from an intellectual disability.

Q: How early can an autism spectrum disorder be recognized in children?

A: Identifying an autism spectrum disorder is difficult before the age of about 12 months but diagnosis is generally possible by the age of 2 years. Characteristic features of the onset include delay in the development or temporary regression in language and social skills and repetitive stereotyped patterns of behaviour.

Q: What can parents do to help their child with an autism spectrum disorder?

A: Parents have an essential role in providing support to a child with an autism spectrum disorder. They can help to ensure access to health services and education, and offer nurturing and stimulating environments as their child grows up. Recently, it has been shown that parents can also help deliver psychosocial and behavioural treatments to their own children.

Q: What causes autism spectrum disorders?

A: Scientific evidence suggests that various factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to the onset of autism spectrum disorders by influencing early brain development.

Q: Are childhood vaccines responsible for autism spectrum disorders?

A: Available epidemiological data show that there is no evidence of a link between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism spectrum disorders. Previous studies suggesting a causal link were found to be seriously flawed.

There is also no evidence to suggest that any other childhood vaccine may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders. In addition, evidence reviews commissioned by WHO concluded that there was no association between the use of vaccine preservatives such as thiomersal and autism spectrum disorders.

Source:WHO