Day: 09/22/2015

Unique method to curb credit card frauds globally.

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The key challenge today is that existing magnetic card readers use plain text to store confidential information which makes them vulnerable to an untrusted card reader or skimming device. DH File Photo.

In a move to stem credit card frauds worldwide, a team of US researchers has developed an inexpensive, secure method to prevent mass credit card fraud using existing magnetic card readers.

Called SafePay, the novel technique works by transforming disposable credit card information to electrical current and driving a magnetic card chip to simulate the behaviour of a physical magnetic card.

The key challenge today is that existing magnetic card readers use plain text to store confidential information which makes them vulnerable to an untrusted card reader or skimming device.

“Because SafePay is backward compatible with existing magnetic card readers, it will greatly relieve the burden of merchants in replacing card readers and, at the same time, protect cardholders from mass data breaches,” explained Yinzhi Cao, assistant professor at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

Here is how it works

First, the user downloads and executes the mobile banking application which communicates with the bank server.

During transactions, the mobile application acquires disposable credit card numbers from the bank server, generates a wave file, plays the file to generate electrical current and then drives the magnetic card chip via an audio jack or Bluetooth

“With SafePay, disposable credit card information expires after a limited time or number of usages. So, even if the information is leaked, it cannot be used for future transactions,” the authors pointed out.

Its has a magnetic credit card chip that makes it completely compatible with existing readers.

It also features a mobile banking application that automates the process making and makes it extremely user-friendly.

Cao and his colleagues conducted real-world experiments with the SafePay technology performing transactions with a vending machine, a gas station and a university coffee shop.

In all three scenarios, the SafePay method worked and the transactions were successful.
The research is set to be presented at the IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security from September 28-30, in Florence, Italy.

Men ‘can identify a cheating woman by looking at her face’.

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Researchers at the University of Western Australia claim that men can gauge how trustworthy a woman is just by glancing at a photograph

New research suggests that men can successfully identify cheaters from just a glimpse of a photograph

New research suggests that men can successfully identify cheaters from just a glimpse of a photograph .

One of the major qualms of Internet daters is that it’s easy to be duped by staged or edited profile pictures. The idea that the camera never lies simply isn’t true: when you finally meet up with your prospective partner in person, that they will look little, if anything like they do in their photograph.

However, scientists at the University of Western Australia have published research which suggests that men can successfully judge the character of women simply by looking at one small photograph of her face.

• The long road to forgiving infidelity

Participants in the study, led by Dr Samantha Leivers, were given 17 cards, each with two photographs of separate women on them – matched for age and ethnicity. One of these women was of unshakeable fidelity, and the other had, in the past, been caught cheating on her existing partner.

After being asked to identify the heartbreakers on each card, researchers found that the majority of participants guessed correctly, with nothing to go on other than the features in the photographs.

55 to 59 per cent of men guessed correctly every time, a small difference described by Dr Leivers as “statistically significant but modest”.

Mobile apps such as Tinder require users to make snap decisions about prospective partners, based on nothing but a glimpse of a photograph

“We don’t expect them to be 100pc accurate when they are literally just looking at someone’s face for a few seconds,” Dr Leivers said. “But the fact that they’re showing any accuracy from this limited information at all is pretty cool.”

The researchers believe that the way people hold their faces may be accurate indicators of emotional and empathetic ability. “For example,” reads the study, “emotion expression has been found to influence a number of trait judgments including perceived trustworthiness.”

The 2009 film Chloe details a complex life triangle

The 2009 film Chloe details a complex life triangle

• Does having a Tinder profile count as cheating?
So despite showing neutral expressions, perhaps the subtle differences in the female subjects’ facial expressions betrayed their true natures. Dr Leiver and her team plan to follow up this study by further researching a link between expressions and emotions.

“More research is needed to determine the visual cues that men use to make their judgments of faithfulness, including emotion expression and other face gesture clues,” the researchers said.

“However, we know for the first time that men’s judgments of faithfulness from images of women can contain a kernel of truth when they are able to directly compare images in a forced choice task.”

5-HTP: Prozac’s True Alternative

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5-HTP (otherwise known as 5-hydroxytryptophan or Oxitriptan) is the less well known cousin of serotonin (5-HT), one of the most important brain neurotransmitters.

5HTP vs. Tryptophan

L-Tryptophan is first converted to 5-HTP in nerve cells by a vitamin B3 dependent enzyme, and then 5-HTP is converted to 5-HT by a vitamin B6 dependent enzyme. Yet thanks to modern science, we can now take preformed 5-HTP, with many consequent advantages.

5-HTP passes through the blood brain barrier into the brain far more easily than Tryptophan, and getting Tryptophan through the blood brain barrier is the main bottleneck, which in many people leads to inadequate brain serotonin levels.

Also, 5-HTP is not used to make proteins in the body, while tryptophan is, so there isn’t competition by cells outside the brain for 5-HTP, as there is for the body’s scare Tryptophan supplies.

The body often uses Tryptophan to make vitamin B3, at a very high cost of 60mg L-Tryptophan to make just 1mg B3! However 5-HTP is not wasted to make vitamin B3.

L-Tryptophan can be broken down in the liver by pyrrolase, an enzyme that converts Tryptophan to kynurenine and its metabolites, which can be mildly liver toxic at high levels. 5-HTP is not metabolized through this pathway. Because of this, L-Tryptophan supplementation especially in chronically stressed people should be kept to 1 gram (1000 mg.) per day or less, because the stress hormone- cortisol activates pyrrolase.

The work of HM van Praag, SN Young and others over the last 20 years, shows that serotonin is a key brain neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation (anti-anxiety and antidepressant) and impulse control (inhibits aggression and obsessive compulsive disorders [OCD], pain control and sleep).

Serotonin is also the precursor for our pineal gland’s production of melatonin. Human clinical studies show that 5-HTP is a far more efficient increaser of brain serotonin than L-Tryptophan. Furthermore, when 5-HTP has been compared to Tryptophan in human studies, 5-HTP has been a far more successful antidepressant, even when the Tryptophan dosage used is 10 to 15 times higher than the 5-HTP dosage. Also, relapses back into depression are more common with Tryptophan than with 5-HTP.

Unlike Tryptophan, 5-HTP has been shown to increase brain dopamine and noradrenaline activity. These are two key mood and alertness regulating neurotransmitters, and whentyrosine, the amino-acid precursor for brain dopamine/noradrenaline is given along with 5-HTP, the effect is even more powerful.

5HTP vs. Prozac

In a society that has made the serotonin-selective re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs such as Prozac the gold standard of managing the serotonin-deficiency syndrome, even though the Poeldinger study showed 5-HTP to be superior to it, it is worth noting that a study reported by Risch and Nemeroff demonstrates, that even those successfully treated with SSRIs (ignoring their frequent and sometimes serious side-effects) are still dependent upon their brains’ producing adequate serotonin from either Tryptophan or 5-HTP.

SSRIs work by conserving existing brain serotonin supplies by keeping more serotonin in the synaptic gap between neurons. They achieve this through preventing enzymatic degradation of synaptic serotonin. SSRIs do not enhance serotonin production. Risch and Nemeroff state;

“…depressed patients were treated with low-Tryptophan diets that were supplemented with high doses of neutral amino acids [which compete with Tryptophan for transport through the blood-brain barrier]… Remitted depressed subjects receiving serotonergic antidepressants (e.g. fluoxetine [Prozac], fluvoxamine) who were challenged with low-Tryptophan diet supplemented with neutral amino acids promptly relapsed into severe clinical depression. When the Tryptophan supplementation was provided, the patients promptly recovered…”

The many successful published studies using 5-HTP show that 5-HTP, by naturally elevating brain serotonin, can alleviate the serotonin-deficiency syndrome without any help from SSRI drugs. Yet the study related by Risch and Nemeroff eloquently shows that the success of SSRI drugs is crucially dependent upon the brain producing adequate serotonin (from either Tryptophan or 5-HTP), and that brain serotonin production is the controlling or rate-limiting variable underlying the apparent success of SSRIs. It appears that the more logical and economically sound choice to alleviate conditions that result from the serotonin deficiency syndrome is 5-HTP, the immediate precursor of the deficient substance.

Conclusion

Van Praag’s and Young’s work suggests that 5-HTP is more likely to be effective for those suffering an anxious, agitated, aggressive, irritable depression and is rarely effective for those suffering from a severe, vegetative, total “blahs” type depression.

5-HTP may also be helpful in some cases of compulsive carbohydrate overeating, alcohol addiction and compulsive gambling (specific forms of OCD), as well as for insomnia.

Side effects of 5-HTP are occasional gastrointestinal upset, hypomania and euphoria. Even though 5-HTP is a natural substance normally made by the brain, without medical supervision prudence suggests limiting daily dosage to 100 mg. to 200 mg., a dose shown to be effective in human clinical studies.

Research also shows that both tryptophan, and even more so 5-HTP, increase the activity of MAO inhibitor drugs, tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin inhibitor (SSRI) drugs, such as Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft. Therefore L-Tryptophan and especially 5-HTP, should only be used by anyone taking any of these drugs ONLY with their prescribing physician’s consent and supervision.

 

Indian origin astronomer-led team spots mid-size black hole.

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In a first, a team including an Indian-origin astronomer has found evidence for a new intermediate-mass black hole about 5,000 times the mass of the Sun.

The discovery, made by Dheeraj Pasham from University of Maryland (UMD) and scientists from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Centre, adds one more candidate to the list of potential medium-sized black holes while strengthening the case that these objects do exist.

“The result provides support to the idea that black holes exist on all size scales. When you describe something for the first time, there is always some doubt,” said Pasham, post-doctoral associate at the joint space-science institute, a research partnership between UMD and NASA Goddard.

“Identifying a second candidate with a different instrument puts weight behind both findings and gives us confidence in our technique,” he added.

Nearly all black holes come in one of two sizes – stellar mass black holes that weigh up to a few dozen times the mass of our Sun or supermassive black holes ranging from a million to several billion times the Sun’s mass.

Astronomers believe that medium-sized black holes between these two extremes exist.

The new intermediate-mass black hole candidate, known as NGC1313X-1, is classified as an ultraluminous X-ray source and is among the brightest X-ray sources in the nearby universe.

Some astronomers suspect that ultraluminous X-ray sources are intermediate-mass black holes actively drawing in matter, producing massive amounts of friction and X-ray radiation in the process.

NASA plans to launch a new X-ray telescope, the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), in 2016.

Pasham has already identified several potential intermediate-mass black hole candidates that he hopes to explore with NICER.

“Observing time is at a premium so you need to build a case with an established method and a list of candidates the method can apply to,” Pasham noted.

“With this result, we are in a good position to move forward and make more exciting discoveries,” he concluded in a paper published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Foreign DNA Trapped Inside You May Be Changing Your Behavior .

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There may be another human’s DNA trapped inside of you. While it may sound like a weird science sequel to The Exorcist, according to Peter Kramer at the University of Padua, “A very large number of different human and non-human individuals are all incessantly struggling inside us for control.”

Dna

Kramer and his colleague Paola Bressan just published a paper about this strange phenomenon — microchimerism — that influences our behavior. Basically, we pick up DNA perhaps in the womb from a twin, a subsumed twin, an older sibling, our mothers, or later in life from a pregnancy. In one study, 63 perhaps of women who’d had children were harboring male cells in their brains.

“A very large number of different human and non-human individuals are all incessantly struggling inside us for control.”

While it’s been studied that the bacteria in our guts can influence everything from our mood to our appetites, less is known about how this shadow human DNA may sway our decisions and feelings. This foreign DNA could potentially influence which hand is dominant or the propensity to develop Alzheimer’s. In one study of Danish women who’d been pregnant, epidemiologists determined that the leftover Y chromosomes improved the overall health of the women.

What’s stranger still is that microchimerism of male cells in women occurred even when they’d never given birth to a son — the DNA possibly transferred by an older brother or even sexual intercourse with a man. It seems then that the human body is far from fixed at birth and instead picks up DNA the way our browser does cookies.

Bryan Sykes, founder of Oxford Genetics, says everyone should be proud of their own genes.

Space technology studied for heart surgery.

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0918-Feature-Cooling Cap_Blog

A Chicago heart surgeon is trying to determine whether a cooling technology originally developed for astronauts could help patients recover more quickly after open-heart surgery.

The device, called a “Cooling Cap,” uses targeted hypothermia to slow brain activity, potentially limiting or preventing damage by reducing the metabolic demands on the brain.

“You can slow down the metabolism, decrease the pathways and turn off mechanisms that can create adverse outcomes for the patient,” said Paul J. Pearson, M.D., Ph.D., a co-director for NorthShore University HealthSystem’s Cardiovascular Institute in Chicago, who is leading a feasibility study on the device for use during cardiac surgery.

Doctors have used techniques to lowering body temperature during cardiac surgery for decades as a way to minimize the detrimental effects of using the heart-lung machine, a “pump” that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery.

Originally designed along with other cooling garments used by astronauts to protect them from the extremes of space, the “Cooling Cap” received a grant by the U.S. Department of Defense for use treating traumatic brain injuries on battlefields and gained Food and Drug Administration approval for such use in 2012. The ongoing study is the first to use the technology for heart surgery.

By cooling the brain during surgery, Pearson hopes to speed recovery times by reducing common side effects such as delirium, slow or difficult waking from anesthesia and temporary cognitive disruption. He said studies have shown that patients who experience such side effects following surgery don’t recover as well as those who don’t and may also experience worse survival rates.

“What we’re trying to do is get to a point where we can take very sick and complex patients through heart surgery and have them wake up like a 30-year-old who had a hernia repair,” Pearson said. “This is one more technique that may improve outcomes that are already significantly better than they were 10 years ago.”

Pearson and his colleagues are initially using the technology on 20 patients undergoing heart surgery at NorthShore to see if it could be used in the operating room without disrupting the medical team or other equipment needed for the procedure. Once that study is complete, the technology would undergo a larger study analyzing patient outcomes.

Here’s how tiny 3D-printed scaffolds could be used to restore human nerves.

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You might be ready to write-off 3D printing as one of those technologies that never really lived up to the initial hype, but it’s beginning to prove its usefulness in a host of medical treatments, with researchers in the US developing 3D-printed scaffolds that can encourage damaged nerve cells to grow back.

The team started out by designing their 3D scaffolds in shapes that the original nerves were laid out in, so they could act as pathways or ‘signposts’ for both the sensory and motor functions of complex nerves to grow back through. The scaffolds themselves are made of custom silicone and implanted with biochemical cues to help encourage growth.

So far, the process has only been tested in rats, but signs of improvement in the animals’ walking abilities were noticed after 10-12 weeks. “This represents an important proof of concept of the 3D-printing of custom nerve guides for the regeneration of complex nerve injuries,” lead researcher Michael McAlpine of the University of Minnesota said in a press release. “Someday we hope that we could have a 3D scanner and printer right at the hospital to create custom nerve guides right on site to restore nerve function.”

Now the researchers are hoping humans can benefit from the same approach. Our nerves are notoriously reluctant to grow back after injury, and only repair themselves very slowly, if at all. Nerve grafts, which are complicated and painful, and nerve guidance channels, which use natural materials but can only direct nerves in a straight line, have previously been used, but 3D-printed scaffolds are potentially a much better option – they encourage natural nerve growth and can grow in any shape required.

Using a structured light 3D scanner, the scientists were able to create copies of the layout of the nerves inside the body and then build scaffolds accordingly. These scaffolds then linked two ends of regenerating nerves together, bridging the gap between them. Each branch of the object can have a different chemical make-up, if required. The scanning and printing process takes about an hour.

For now, it’s more of a promising concept rather than a reality, but there’s hope that further studies can build on this initial success. The researchers were able to get human nerves to hold up reasonably well inside the scaffolds after a period of several weeks, but only in a petri dish rather than an actual body. Details of the study have now been published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials.

Can your sense of smell predict when you’ll die?

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A correlation between declining ability to smell and lifespan in worms has been uncovered by researchers. If the signaling between neurons ends up being important in how other organisms — including humans — age, then manipulating the nervous system may prove a fruitful way to minimize the effects of aging or rejuvenate brain functions, one author says.
Could a declining sense of smell predict when one will die?

By measuring how worms move toward an appealing, food-like scent, researchers at the Salk Institute were able to predict whether the worms would be long-lived. The finding, publishing September 22, 2015 in the journal eLife, shows how nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) process information about the environment and how circuits in the brain change as an animal ages.

“We’re not saying that your ability to smell is going to make you live longer,” says Sreekanth Chalasani, an assistant professor in Salk’s Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory. “But this odor behavior is likely indicative of some kind of underlying physiology.”

The small C. elegans has 12 pairs of specialized neurons in its brain that detect stimuli in the environment. Scientists had previously identified individual pairs of these neurons as required for the animals to respond to attractive odors. Chalasani and his colleagues wanted to understand this entire process in more detail. In their new work, the researchers measured the responses of all 24 neurons as C. elegans was exposed to benzaldehyde — a chemical that gives off a pleasant, almond-like smell. Surprisingly, rather than the individual pairs that had been previously shown, they found that additional neurons were also involved.

Interestingly, these cells were divided into primary and secondary neurons. Primary neurons showed activity in response to the benzaldehyde, while secondary neurons responded to signals sent by the primary neurons. By having a neural circuit structured like this, the team hypothesizes, the worm can get better information on the strength or concentration of a smell.

“If you have multiple different cells that are all detecting a stimulus, you can use the combination of them to get more dynamic information,” says Sarah Leinwand, a graduate student in the Chalasani lab and first author of the new paper. “Using this strategy allows an animal to generate flexible behavioral responses to its environment.” For instance, some behaviors could only be triggered when a smell is strong enough to cause activity in particular combinations of neurons. The researchers speculate that other species with larger brains may use similarly structured neural circuits to represent sensory information and fine-tune their behaviors.

Since they knew that worms (like other animals and people) often begin to lose their sense of smell with age, Chalasani and Leinwand next measured how the circuit composed of primary and secondary neurons changes as C. elegans gets older. While the primary neurons don’t show a decline in activity, they found, secondary neurons become less active with age. This suggests that communication between neurons could be degraded as animals age, Chalasani says, a phenomenon which might also hold true in other neural circuits in many different species. The scientists went on to show a correlation between poor performance on a smell-based test (moving toward a point source of benzaldehyde), the activity of secondary neurons and the animal’s lifespan. Older animals that were more successful in finding the odor lived about 16% longer than animals that were less good at moving toward the smell.

“Even though all these animals are siblings and have similar genomes, if you look at neuron activity, behavioral performance, or lifespan, there are significant differences,” says Chalasani. “Perhaps that’s because some animals have better signaling between primary and secondary cells.”

If the signaling between neurons ends up being important in how other organisms — including humans — age, then manipulating the nervous system may prove a fruitful way to minimize the effects of aging or rejuvenate brain functions, he says.

“There are a lot of questions that remain about what exactly is changing as an animal ages,” says Leinwand. “We want to keep looking at what is changing to cause some animals to have better functioning nervous systems and to live longer.”

Johnson & Johnson Finally Admits: Their Baby Products Contain Cancer-Causing Chemicals

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“Children are our future” as Whitney Houston sang so passionately in the mid 80s. If this is true (and it most definitely is), why are trusted corporations, headed by mothers and fathers just like you and me, selling potentially cancer-causing baby products? Any kind of carcinogenic material shouldn’t come into contact with things we put in and on our bodies, at any age. In infancy, the most vulnerable time in our lives (spare a major illness potentially caused by these products), exposure to some of the chemicals Johnson & Johnson has just admitted to using could spell disaster.

So What’s In It?

Formaldehyde has been detected in Johnson & Johnson products. Studies suggest it may cause cancer—and it is in your baby’s shampoo. The chemical is commonly used as an embalming agent when preparing a corpse for burial. What is it doing in consumer-use products, you ask? The “why” is unclear but the “how” is quaternium-15. This ingredient releases formaldehyde, which is known to cause skin, eye and respiratory irritation. It has also been tied to leukemia.

“The North American Content Dermatitis Group considers quaternium-15 to be among the most clinically significant contact allergens in children”

But Wait! There’s More (Sorry)

Johnson & Johnson has another dangerous chemical in their cocktail of potentially cancer-promoting chemicals. 1,4-dioxane is also part of the mix and it too has carcinogenic properties. This gem is a brain toxin that can cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.

They Are Taking Their Sweet Time Fixing This And To Hell With The Consequences

For some reason, Johnson & Johnson are not putting a hop in their step to fix this problem. Even with millions of helpless babies bathing in their bathwater, the company is moving slowly in removing these chemicals from products sold in the U.S. The company produces products that are free of these chemicals for other countries. Necessity breeds invention.

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A Statement | A Contradiction

Though well-written, this statement is full of contradictions. If your products are “approved in the countries where they are sold”, why would you need to “reduc[e] the number of formulations globally with these ‘formaldehyde releaser’ preservatives by 33% and in the U.S. by over 60%”? 

A Statement | A ContradictionInconsistent Regulation
Analytical Sciences, an independent laboratory hired by The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, has tested several of J&J baby products. They found that the samples from the U.S. had low levels of the chemicals in their initial report. However, according to Lisa Archer, director of the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics, subsequent consumer groups in Sweden, Japan, and South Africa contacted the group to note that quaternium-15 was not being used in ANY products sold in those countries.

Archer noted that there are strict bans on these chemicals in consumer products in some countries, but not others.

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But Wait! There's More (Sorry)

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Bullied teenagers who exercise regularly are 23% less likely to attempt suicide.

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Exercise could save lives.

 

A study of more than 13,500 high school students in the US has found that exercising four times a week is associated with a 23 percent reduction in suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts among students who have been bullied.

Almost one in five students in the study reported experiencing bullying at school, and research has shown that these teenagers will be at a higher risk of suicide, as well as mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, and declining academic performance. But this is the first study to suggest that exercise might help with those factors.

“I was surprised that it was that significant and that positive effects of exercise extended to kids actually trying to harm themselves,” lead researcher Jeremy Sibold, a movement scientist at the University of Vermont, said in a press release. “Even if one kid is protected because we got them involved in an after-school activity or in a physical education program it’s worth it.”

The data were taken from the US Centre for Disease Control’s National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey, and it showed that 30 percent of high school students reported feeling sad for two or more weeks in the past year. More than 22 percent had thought about suicide, and 8.2 percent had tried to kill themselves during the same time period.

Those numbers on their own are pretty shocking, but the study also found that bullied students are twice as likely to report feeling sad, and three times more likely to think about or attempt suicide than their peers who aren’t picked on.

But the good news is that those who exercised four or more days per week were significantly less likely to feel sad for long periods of time, have suicidal thoughts, or attempt suicide. After controlling for other factors that could be involved, such as age, gender, and race, the researchers found that regular exercise was linked to a 23 percent reduction in suicide attempts and suicidal thoughts in bullied students.

To be clear, the study only found a correlation between exercise and mental health in bullied students, and didn’t show that exercise directly reduced the number of suicidal thoughts or attempts. That may or may not be the case, but the study simply looked at the trends, so it can’t provide those answers. But the link suggests that physical activity could be worth looking into further as a potential way to help bullied children cope.

“Considering the often catastrophic and long lasting consequences of bullying in school-aged children, novel, accessible interventions for victims of such conduct are sorely needed,” the researchers write in The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The results “potentially [implicate physical activity] as a salient option in response to bullying in schools”, they add.

Unfortunately, the study comes at a time when schools in the US are cutting the amount of time kids spend being active each week, and around the world young people are becoming increasingly sedentary. The researchers hope their work may encourage families to be more active.

“It’s scary and frustrating that exercise isn’t more ubiquitous and that we don’t encourage it more in schools,” said Sibold. “Instead, some kids are put on medication and told ‘good luck.’ If exercise reduces sadness, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts, then why in the world are we cutting physical education programs and making it harder for students to make athletic teams at such a critical age?”