Schizophrenia – Psychosis or Something More Profound?


People with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are among the most discriminated against people in the history of the world.

schizophrenia

A “psycho” is a derogatory term for someone who is psychotic. Someone who is psychotic is a person suffering from psychosis. Psychosis is characterized by a disconnection from reality. That is it, and all there is to it!

A “psycho” is someone who is experiencing a disconnection from reality!

At first the term was “mad,” then we called them “crazy,” then “insane,” which became “lunacy” or “lunatics,” and then of course “psychosis” or “psychotic.” Just as humans have always done, when we do not understand something, we label it as different and persecute those people. But, this is the one group of people that are still left in the darkness. We still do not understand it. Even though we label it as a “medical disease”, schizophrenics still end up locked behind bars, and it is the last group of people in society in which it is still socially acceptable to discriminate against.

In the very ancient times, the shamanistic cultures viewed schizophrenics as having a connection to the spirit world. They would train them as to how to use this power, this gift, to connect with their higher self and earn them the title of “healer.”

Eventually as civilizations started to form, governments were created, along with rules, laws, and norms were passed down to keep peace and order. This was meant to conform others to those in power. Schizophrenia then became viewed as different, bizarre, chaotic, and mad. People with this “disorder” were then persecuted, drowned, buried alive, burnt at the stake, locked in institutions, had parts of their brain cut out, and/or were kept highly medicated to control these abnormalities.

So what is schizophrenia?

Medically speaking, it is a diagnosis that is characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality and the sense of the self. These “abnormalities” are described as hallucinations and delusions.

Hallucinations consist of hearing things that do not appear to be there, and seeing things that do not appear to be present. Delusions are beliefs that appear “strange” and that only the person diagnosed believes to be real or true, and refuse to think otherwise – hence, refusal to conform.

On a side note, the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is planning to include “non-conformity” as a mental disorder. They have gone from trying to be secretive about these things, to just being quite upfront. If you do not act as we want you to do, then you are sick. And if you are sick, you need to take this drug. But this drug is expensive, so you need this insurance coverage.

However, these descriptions are clinical terms used to help give a diagnosis, which allows for treatment in a society and culture that has agreed upon the best way to treat of any so-called “mental illness” is with a drug. In the past it was hospitalization in which they never treated the person, but rather abused them and labeled them as insane.

What would happen if we were to actually look deeper into what these “symptoms” include in non-clinical terms — considering instead how the client them-self experiences them?

The hallucinations are nothing more than an over-sharpening of the senses and experiencing unusual sensations. It can feel like an out-of-body experience and having difficulty deciphering the difference from reality and illusion. Everything tends to flow together as one – the wall never ends – but instead flows together with the flooring. Auditory hallucinations or the “hearing of voices” which is so often mocked and ridiculed, is a part of being in-tune with higher frequencies.

It is scientifically proven that we do not see objects as they are, but rather a transformation and interpretation made by our eyes and mind. The brain filters out what it deems to be unnecessary information. This isn’t new age, make-belief information, this is physics. Some physicists have estimated that the percentage of light we see on the spectrum is between 1.5 percent and 2.3 percent! That means that there is up to 98-percent of things that we are incapable of seeing.

We communicate daily via invisible radio waves through internet, cell phones, television, and radio. Radio refers to sending energy with waves. Energy is transmitted across the globe without any direct connection. The end result is an announcer speaks into a microphone and the signal travels at the speed of light via radio waves, is received by another signal, and if we tune our radio dial to the right frequency we can hear their voice without any direct connection.

Are schizophrenics seeing and hearing what we cannot?

So keeping in mind what physicists have told us about our reality, is it possible that if someone has heightened senses, they could be seeing parts of the 98-percent of the world we do not see? Or, like many animals, hearing things at a different frequency that we are not tuned in to? I would say it is almost certain!

Psychosis – such as schizophrenia and mania – is all to do with cracking the ego. The experience is so intense that words can not describe. The ego, also known as the “false self”, is everything that we thought we knew to be true about ourselves. The reality we have come to know is breaking right before our eyes. The ego, or mask, is kept in place to protect us from danger – but it also is incredibly limiting.

During this experience, you break out of this mask you have been wearing your entire life. You feel an intense amount of energy that takes you to the depths of your soul. Your soul is set free for the first time since you were an infant, which is the reason for such rapid changes. As a part of this, all your senses are incredibly heightened and you start to question everything around you. You ask things such as “Is this real?” “Am I going crazy?” “Did I Die?”

If we are able to resist nothing and allow this experience to continue, we will feel other symptoms such as feeling connection and a sense of oneness with the universe. You begin to feel that you are everyone and everything, and they are all you. An intense level of understanding takes over and everything makes sense, you finally seem to just “get it.” All the answers to life are in the grasp of your finger tips. Along with the heightened senses of vision and hearing, you also are in tune with those around you almost to the point of feeling their senses, emotions, and thoughts. The sense of time disappears, all that exists is the present moment. All worries seem to disappear as an intense sense of love for everything appears and everything becomes incredibly sacred. Along with this connection, you may also begin to feel that everything is a test from your creator, and you no longer see people in their worldly form, but rather you see their souls and see the message they are bringing to you.

You are changed!

As this state of consciousness comes down, it changes everything. Your priorities and values change quite dramatically. It is as though you have been given the answers to all of life’s mysteries, and to return to the worldly form can be depressing.

I would like you to now go back and read the last three paragraphs and take them out of context. Just read what this experience of psychosis feels like to the person. Now, instead of saying psychosis refers to cracking of the ego, exchange the word “psychosis” for “enlightenment.” Enlightenment refers to ‘cracking of the ego’, right? Now if you re-read those same three paragraphs describing the sensory experience. What is being described is the exact same thing.

The difference is with enlightenment – people try many ways to achieve this experience through deep meditations, vision quests, soul dances, and psychedelic drugs, etc. Yet those who are labeled as mentally ill, who’ve been discriminated against more than any other group of people, tend to have this same experience happen to them naturally! In fact, if you were to experience bipolar mania and try and explain it to someone, the most common response is “I think you need help.”

And “help,” in our society means to medicate the person so they no longer have these mystical experiences. Now, I do acknowledge that sometimes these hallucinations and delusions can be quite harmful in the sense they are asking people to act violently and they are seeing demons. This is likely due to the either trauma or repressed feelings. It is still a good sign that the person is breaking away from their ego, but they need to be guided by someone with experience so they can get closer to the enlightenment side of the spectrum.

The story of the ‘lunatic’ on the grass: A schizophrenic golfer unwittingly removes stigma of mental health

As a mental health worker, every week we would have our team meetings in which we would go over the treatment plans of the 16 patients in our “Intense psych rehab.”

Schizophrenia – Psychosis or Something More Profound

I had been off for a while, I had needed time out. I was now back and this was the first treatment meeting I had been to since my return. My mind was empty and blank. I didn’t know anything to be true for sure, I had given up on almost everything, which, as it turned out, was a good thing.

We would have the mental health practitioner present the patients, their goals and their progress.

We talked about this new patient, a schizophrenic, and we discuss his goals. It is said that this is a ‘career schizophrenic’ that goes to hospitals over and over. His goal is to marry Paris Hilton and play golf on the European golf tour.

Well everyone cracks up, the laughing is intense, everyone teases, ridicules, and assassinates his character.

20 mostly privileged white ‘kids’ in their 20s sitting in this board room with their first psych job, determining the fates of these patients.

I am a little intrigued with this new case because I love golf. I am terrible at golf, however to be outside in nature with the sun for 4 hours I love.

The lessons golf taught me was like exercise for my mind. Every shot matters in the same way that every moment matters. If I hit the ball near a tree, then become angry and impulsive, and try to smack it out of the woods, it will likely hit a tree, and I’ll be in worse shape. However, if I let my ego down, and chip it out, then I will be better off.

It all adds up, little things matter, have patience, and the only shot that matters is the one in front of you. Swing soft and the ball will go further, nothing is as it seems. Do the opposite of what the ego tells you to do. You can’t beat nature, go with nature. Use your talents, don’t try to be like other players. Stay within yourself, and be humble.

This is why I loved golf. It was some sort of meditation for me. Those things I learned in golf, could be said of life as well.

I walk upstairs and I see these ratty old shoes hanging over one of the couches. I look over and there’s guy, the ‘Paris Hilton golfer guy’ we’d talked about. He wears the same clothes every day, it is likely all he owns. He says he’s not sick but he has to take medications. He gets angry if anyone tries to talk to him, about his “illness.”

I just walk him daily for about 2 months, the whole time thinking he’s a typical schizophrenic, so let’s write our notes, get him out of here and go home. Lets get our checks and continue living the lie. I was so embarrassed to be there, a part of this industry, I just didn’t want to talk to him….and I felt like a fraud.

It was nice outside early that spring so I brought my clubs in one day as I was going to go play golf after work. They were brand new fancy clubs. I tried to act like I was ‘the man’, because truly I hated myself at the time and didn’t know why.

Now I know, because that was one of my false selves. A mask I was wearing, it wasn’t who I really am. When you run from your true self, you suffer.

So at times I talked to him about golf to measure his awareness. He knew a lot so I was surprised. Just person to person talks. He had started coming down to talk to me more because it was more of a friendship than me in my role there – just asking him about his “coping skills” and his “goals,” and the other bull they teach you to say in school, and at these expensive trainings.

He didn’t feel threatened by me or assume I was prodding him in order to write things down on his chart. When patients act nervous or suspicious, we are taught to think: “See, they are paranoid.”

However, is that really paranoid? We read their charts and decide who they are without ever getting to know them! I think their lack of trust and not wanting us to write things down is a perfectly normal response based on the circumstances they are usually in. If they say the wrong thing to the wrong person, then its another forced treatment and commitment.

I swung my clubs inside that day. He saw me, and said “Whoah, you got a good swing, not bad.” He saw my clubs and asked “hey can I take a swing?”

Now what I was doing here was something that would be considered inappropriate as I was displaying poor boundaries with a client. Most of the people running these places would say that I should be discussing his treatment and goals and his plan only. Teaching him the “coping skills” that the book says.

However, no one will talk to you about anything real if you don’t build a relationship with them first. We seem to miss that in mental health.

I think it’s funny that we ask these people to tell us everything about themselves in particular the worst moments in their lives. Yet we give them nothing. We force releases of information to be signed by court order, and we use the information against them. Then we call the patients non-complaint if they refuse.

I wasn’t purposely manipulating a relationship either, I was genuinely talking to him like an equal, without regards to the societal roles we were playing. So I told him, “yeah, take a swing, let’s see.”

This was the beginning of one of the most deeply profound experiences of my life – one in which my false selves would all die. But there was more to come this profound moment didn’t take place in a church, in a school, or as part of a momentous occasion. No, I was about tolearn about life from a lifelong schizophrenic at a golf course!

Not quite as I had dreamt this moment of enlightenment would be!

He swung the club and it was one of the nicest swings I had seen in person. I was shocked. Of course that didn’t mean he was a European pro. However, I did start to doubt my own pre-conceived notions as an “expert.” Could I, the all mighty one be wrong in my beliefs? It brought me back to a time when I was working at the county hospital. One of the doctors training me said, “You don’t treat the diagnosis, you treat the patient, everyone is different.”

I had an idea, and I went to get support from the program director to take my new golfing friend (and anyone else who wanted to come) to the driving range. I chose the ‘the university’ where I got my golf lessons, it was close and I was familiar with this place.

I got the O.K, and we drove the van to the driving range. We arrive and there is a bunch of young kids — teens with fancy clubs and clothes, looking us over as we walk onto the course — a group of mentally ill patients.

They had that look like “Umm I think you guys are lost” or the “Not in our neighborhood” looks.

Here is a schizophrenic guy with 20 year old shoes, long hair, and 10 year old jeans. We had no clubs other than mine. All the course can offer my friend is a 9 iron for kids, which typically a professional golfer can use to hit a ball about 150 yards. I’m sure they had more appropriate clubs on offer, but it seemed they didn’t want the lunatic ruining their clubs. In fact, they didn’t want the lunatic on the grass!

He says “O.K.”, he wasn’t arguing. This man is 6’5. In addition to being an ‘ill-fit’ for a man of this height, this club looked as thought it had been well used by kids for about 20 years or more, but my lunatic friend is just happy to be there…as is everyone else.

Then came that moment, the one that changes everything!

He puts the ball down. All these young teens, with their 3000 dollar clubs and their fancy clothes are all chuckling and watching, I am watching, the other patients are watching. The tension is building.

He says “Wow, I haven’t swung a club in a long time.”

I was so nervous at this point – I could see all eyes were watching, and I was wondered, was this a delusion? By bringing him here, am I hurting this guy and embarrassing him? I felt my body get tighter, my teeth were clenched, my heart racing, I was really feeling it.

I look at his face, I watch his eyes, they aren’t schizophrenic eyes. His tongue was tightly wrapped on the outside left side of his mouth. He has this grimace on his face – the look of extreme like focus. I glanced at his feet, they are not schizophrenic feet anymore, they are solid, on the ground, in perfect stance. His arms are not schizophrenic arms, the hand grip is right, but the club does not fit him.

I sense the energy building as everyone was watching this “freak.” The thing is, he couldn’t sense it – he already knew what we were about to find out. He wasn’t hitting the ball for just himself, he was hitting it for me, to give me hope. He was hitting it for the other patients. He was hitting it for the watching teens — the bunch of 18 to 22 year-olds who already have their mind made up, and they wait because they want to laugh. He was hitting it for them!

And then it happened – he hit the ball, it goes well over 175 yards, with a childs 9 iron! The ball flew so high in the air, in a manner a pro-golfer would hit it. It towered over the earth, and the ball was so beautiful in flight, it was like a magical TV moment. I could not believe it, and as for the others, well you could have heard a pin drop! Complete and total silence – everyone was still. The world had stopped, and mine had changed forever.

It was all perfect!

Had the first shot been a miss, no one would have watched any longer. The first shot was the key! But it wasn’t a ball you could say was just struck well by an amateur. It all had the look of a really talented golfer. He hadn’t swung a club in years, he had a girls junior club, he carried no fancy equipment, nor did he wear fancy shoes or a glove. He was in jeans, a sweatshirt, and those old raggedy shoes.

He didn’t do it right just once though, he did it over and over again! Eventually people were not whispering anymore, and after a time they went back to hitting their balls.

Then more magic happened!

At a driving range like this, you see many golfers hitting many balls. They are all in flight and all hit well. But on this day there was always one ball that towered over the rest and made the others look like little kids. I started watching the teens – they had started swinging and missing, and hitting terrible shots. Our schizophrenic’s style may have been affecting their game, after all in their minds, schizophrenics who look like this guy are not supposed to do what he is doing.

I could barely move. I had been shown the truth yet again. I hit some O.K shots myself that day, but it didn’t really matter anymore. Things had changed for me.

My new golfing friend walked over and started giving me tips on my golf swing, and all those tips worked well. I couldn’t believe this. Then I look behind me and see there is 20 teens watching him hit the ball – watching him teach me! It was all surreal and utterly impressive. Of course watching from the side were our other patients, tripping and laughing, running around. The world had been moved – for all of us!

Then came another moment – a moment that still tears me up as I write this account here now. One teen with extreme courage and bravery came up and asked my friend for advice onhis swing. What courage to do this in front of his shaken peers. Instead of teasing, he came and asked for help. Earlier they had mocked and judged, but my guy didn’t care about that. He said “sure”, as it was obvious he loved helping. Before we knew it we had the schizophrenic giving golf tips to these college golfers. I would never be the same, and I knew it in that moment.

I remember getting back to the facility and sitting down. My co-workers said “You must really like golf, I’ve never seen you so alive and energized.” I could not describe what I had just seen and my account here is still not doing it justice. All I could say was “yeah I like golf.”

We went to golf again maybe 3 times he and I, and we had long talks in the car. He started telling me about his life growing up, how he got involved in the system. I started teaching himabout schizophrenia.

Eventually, he said to me, “Well I’ve been going to these hospitals and group homes for over 20 years, and no one has ever explained it to me like that. I think I do have that disease, actually maybe they are right.”

I think others had explained it to him, but he hadn’t listened, because no one had ever listened to him. He was open and without fear with me. Ironically, I only talked to him by chance really, and prior to that I had ignored him for 2 months.

Everyone played a role in my ‘inner change’ at that time – from the negative mental health practitioner who tried to make a joke of his treatment plan, to the great program director. I started to listen carefully to what my golfing friend said when he went on a rant, instead of just falling back on preconceived notions as I would have done in the past. He talk about the college he went to, so I decided to look it up online, and there it was, a picture of him, clean cut, well dressed and very well groomed. He had a 4.0 and was captain of a division-1 golf team. I decided wanted to be his caddy and get him into tournaments. Did he have the talent to be a pro-golfer? I don’t know, but he was good enough to make himself some money for sure. Unfortunately, it never happened.

But my life changed forever with that first swing that stopped the world, and it happened at a time when I had given up on the ‘mental health industry’ coming to believe it was all a fraud. My life change made me realize the mental health industry wasn’t always a terrible business. Yes there are terrible things that happen, and terrible abuses do occur, but that was not good enough reason reason to give it all up completely – I had been shown good reason to stay. I would work on the inside and do my best to create change. It is only a fraud if we allow it to be.

How Insulin Pumps Are Helping Type 1 Diabetics Live Longer


Great news for those who love their insulin pumps: a recent study done in Sweden reports that people with type 1 diabetes who use insulin pumps have a much lower risk of dying prematurelyfrom stroke or heart disease compared to those taking their insulin via multiple daily injections (which includes insulin pens).

“As done in Sweden at the time of this study, insulin pump treatment almost halved cardiovascular mortality,” said study author Dr. Isabelle Steineck, from Aarhus University Hospital in Denmark.

The study consisted of approximately 18,000 people with type 1 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Only 2,500 of the participants wore insulin pumps.

The detailed results concluded that insulin pumpers have:

  • a 45 percent lower risk of dying from heart disease
  • a 42 percent lower risk of dying from stroke
  • a 27 percent lower risk of all-cause death

The data was taken from a 7-year period of time.

The average age of those on pumps was 38 years old, and 41 years old for those taking injections. Approximately 1,200 participants died during the study.

Like many (or most) studies these days, this was an observational study which means the researchers can’t claim for certain that it is truly the use of an insulin pump that reduced participants’ risk of death. In order to claim firmly that the reduced death rates were from using a pump, the study would have had to control many other aspects of the participants lives and daily management, rather than just noting which method they used to deliver their insulin doses.

One aspect of the study worth noting, however, is that no funding for the study came from insulin pump manufacturers, explained Dr. Steineck.

For everyone living with type 1 diabetes, the risk of heart disease and stroke is nearly twice as high compared to the risk of someone in the general population.

Why does an insulin pump reduce risk of death?

The first theory, explains the Dr. Steineck, on why insulin pumps are reducing premature death is that pumps lead to fewer severe low blood sugar episodes.

The second theory suggests that when a patient chooses to go onto an insulin pump they inevitably receive more in-depth education around their diabetes management because the settings for an insulin pump are more in-depth than the “settings” for multiple daily injections. This theory perhaps points out a huge hole (and area for much-needed improvement) in general diabetes management education within the healthcare system.

“We evaluated the patients who used insulin pump therapy and do not know if the observed effect is attributable to continuous infusion of insulin or that some, if not all, of the effect is attributable to intensified glucose monitoring, increased motivation to control blood glucose, or a better knowledge about having type 1 diabetes,” she explained.

However, Vincent Crabtree from the JDRF feels the results aren’t actually conclusive.

“Continuous insulin infusion, otherwise known as pump therapy, is a more physiologic approach that has been shown in many analyses to be beneficial,” said Vincent Crabtree, director of research business development for JDRF. “This paper is intriguing, but will need more research to draw definitive conclusions.”

Crabtree reports less than half of the Americans with type 1 diabetes are actually using insulin pumps, but Steineck hopes her recent study will increase that percentage. Even more importantly, she also hopes it will encourage health insurance companies to be more agreeable when it comes to providing coverage for insulin pumps and the expensive supplies required to continue using one on a regular basis.

What do you think? How has your insulin pump changed your life with diabetes?

Designer molecule shines a spotlight on mysterious 4-stranded DNA.


A small fluorescent molecule has shed new light on knots of DNA thought to play a role in regulating how genes are switched on and off. DNA is typically arranged in a double helix, where two strands are intertwined like a coiled ladder, but previous research has shown the existence of unusual DNA structures called quadruplexes, where four strands are arranged in the form of little knots.

Structure of a G-quadruplex DNA highlighting one of the guanine tetrads.
Credit: Imperial College London

A small fluorescent molecule has shed new light on knots of DNA thought to play a role in regulating how genes are switched on and off.

DNA is typically arranged in a double helix, where two strands are intertwined like a coiled ladder, but previous research has shown the existence of unusual DNA structures called quadruplexes, where four strands are arranged in the form of little knots.

Now researchers at Imperial College London led by Dr Marina Kuimova and Professor Ramon Vilar are unravelling the mysteries of these four-stranded DNA structures. They have created a fluorescent molecule that can reveal the presence of these structures in living cells.

The team used the glowing molecule to target quadruplex DNA inside human bone cancer cells grown in the laboratory. Together with colleagues from Kings College London, they studied the interactions between the two in real time, using powerful microscopes.

Quadruplexes can form when a strand of DNA rich in guanines — one of the four building blocks in DNA — folds over onto itself. Several distinct quadruplex structures have been found in the human genome but their exact role remains unclear. Recent studies have shown they are particularly prevalent in regions nearby oncogenes — genes that have the potential to cause cancer.

“There is mounting evidence that quadruplexes are involved in switching genes on and off because of where they are usually positioned within the genome,” says Professor Vilar, from Imperial’s Department of Chemistry.

“If this can be proved, it would make quadruplexes an extremely important target for treating diseases such as cancer. But to understand what role they play, we need to be able to study them in living cells. Our new fluorescent molecule allows us to do this by directly monitoring the behaviour of quadruplexes inside living cells in real time.”

The team designed the fluorescent molecule to glow more intensely when attached to DNA. Using powerful microscopes they discovered that they could distinguish between the molecules binding to the more common double helical DNA and quadruplex DNA because it glowed for much longer when bound to quadruplexes.

The researchers were also able to visualise the fluorescent molecule being displaced from quadruplex DNA by another molecule known to be a very good quadruplex binder. This suggests that the Imperial molecule could be used to hunt for new compounds that can bind to quadruplexes.

Co-author Arun Shivalingam, who worked on the study during his PhD at Imperial, says: “Until now, to image quadruplexes in cells researchers have had to hold the cells in place using chemical fixation. However, this kills them and brings into question whether the molecule really interacts with quadruplexes in a dynamic environment.”

Professor Vilar adds: “We’ve shown that our molecule could be potentially used to verify in live cells and in real time whether potential quadruplex DNA binders are hitting their target. This could be a game changer to accelerate research into these DNA structures.”

World’s First Solar Airport Generates More Power Than It Consumes


More than 46,000 solar panels have been laid out across 45 acres of land to fuel the operations of Cochin airport, India’s fourth largest in terms of international passenger traffic.

The vast 12 megawatt solar plant that now powers Cochin airport. Photo credit: CIAL
The vast 12 megawatt solar plant that now powers Cochin airport. Photo credit: CIAL

Officials at the airport in the south-western state of Kerala say it will now be “absolutely power neutral”—and will even produce an excess that will boost the state’s electricity grid.

The project’s designers say between 50,000 and 60,000 units of electricity will be supplied each day by the 12 megawatt plant, commissioned by the German multinational engineering and electronics company Bosch at a cost of US$9.5 million.

“When we realized the scale of our power bill, we looked at various possibilities,” says V.J. Kurian, Cochin International’s managing director.

Sustainable Model

“We consume around 48,000 units of power a day. So if we can produce the same by strictly adhering to the green and sustainable model of infrastructure development we always follow, we can send a message to the world.

“Now this has become the world’s first airport that fully operates on solar power. In fact, we are producing a few megawatts of extra energy, which is being contributed to the state’s power grid.”

India, which relies heavily on coal-fired power plants for its energy, is the world’s fourth biggest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs), sending nearly 1.3 million tonnes into the atmosphere each year. China is the world’s biggest polluter, with annual GHG emissions of more than six million tonnes.

Other airports in India are now being urged by the government to follow Cochin’s lead. The Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata, West Bengal is already planning to set up a 15 megawatt solar plant on 60 acres of land.

Around the world, other airports are adopting solar power to run all or part of their ground operations.

Cost-Effective

A new international airport in Mexico City aims to be the world’s most sustainable when completed in 2018. The revamped Terminal 2 at London Heathrow airport has many solar features integrated into its operations. And Denver International is one of a number of U.S. airports utilizing solar power plants.

Cochin International says its new solar plant, which began operations in mid-August, is cost-effective, very efficient—and has attracted widespread attention.

The airport’s public relations manager, P.S.Jayan, told Climate News Network: “During the inauguration of the airport service, schoolchildren visited to see how solar energy is used to operate the entire airport facility.

“We have received many requests from schoolteachers who want to send their students here to learn about renewable energy.”

Is the Alzheimer’s protein contagious?


Beginning in 1958, roughly 30,000 people worldwide—mostly children—received injections of human growth hormone extracted from the pituitary glands of human cadavers to treat their short stature. The procedure was halted in 1985, when researchers found that a small percentage of recipients had received contaminated injections and were developing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), a fatal neurodegenerative condition caused by misfolded proteins called prions.

Now, a new study of the brains of eight deceased people who contracted CJD from such injections suggests that the injections may also have spread amyloid-β, the neuron-clogging protein that is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. The study is the first evidence in humans that amyloid-β might be transmissible through medical procedures such as brain surgery—according to the researchers. Skeptics, however, note that the CJD prion itself often triggers unusual amyloid deposits; epidemiological studies, they say, find no connection between the injections and increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Aside from CJD and the related mad cow disease, kuru is perhaps the most famous prion disease. Endemic to Papua New Guinea and now essentially eradicated, kuru is transmitted through the ritual consumption of human brain tissue at funerals. Increasingly, however, scientists are recognizing that a number of other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Huntington disease, and Parkinson’s disease, also involve aberrant proteins that act like “seeds” in the brain. They convert otherwise normal proteins into fibers that “break, form more seeds, break, and form more seeds,” says John Collinge, a neuropathologist at University College London and lead author of the new study.

Still unknown in Alzheimer’s is what role misfolded proteins such as amyloid-β and tau play in the disease, and whether they are transmissible through direct contact with or consumption of contaminated brain tissue. Although scientists have successfully induced amyloid-β transmission in rodents, these experiments relied on “massive” overexpression of the protein, says Samuel Gandy, a neuropathologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. “Exhaustive” attempts to reproduce such transmission in primates have failed, he says, leading many to doubt whether such propagation is possible.

In the current study, Collinge and colleagues examined the brain tissue of eight people, aged 36 to 51, who died of CJD roughly 30 to 40 years after they received the growth hormone injections. Four had a pattern of amyloid-β that pathologists consider moderate-to-severe in people with Alzheimer’s, though they lacked a second type of protein, tau, that is considered an important hallmark of the disease as well, the team reports online today inNature. Two had milder, more patchy deposits; one was amyloid-free. “It’s a highly unusual finding,” Collinge says. “In that age group, you really don’t see this kind of pathology unless you have a genetic predisposition to Alzheimer’s,” which none of them did, he says.

Still, scientists have known since the 1990s that the prion protein that causes CJD can “cross-seed” amyloid-β, causing abnormal deposits to form, and vice versa, Gandy says. In such a small, observational study, it is impossible to determine whether CJD itself caused the amyloid-β seen in the deceased subjects’ brain tissue, or seeds of the protein were transmitted via injection, he argues. None of the subjects showed signs of tau, the other protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease, he and others point out.

To explore the possibility that CJD, and not amyloid-β seeds, was the culprit, Collinge and colleagues also examined the brains of 116 people with a range of prion diseases unrelated to the hormone injections. They found little to no β amyloid pathology in that group, suggesting that CJD alone was not responsible for the pathology, they say. That’s a “strong argument” in the group’s favor, says Claudio Soto, a neuroscientist at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Given that prions come in many different forms, however, it’s still possible that the β-amyloid deposits found in the brains of the injection recipients were indeed caused by CJD, whereas the controls remained plaque-free, he notes.

Next, Collinge’s team plans to test vials of archived growth hormone from the original treatments to see whether they can detect amyloid-β protein “seeds.” One obstacle, however, is that scientists don’t know precisely what constitutes such seeds on a molecular level, Collinge says.

Although provocative, the new study cannot answer the question of whether pathogenic amyloid-β “seeds” can be transmitted from person to person through contaminated surgical instruments or blood, Collinge and Soto agree. There is no epidemiological evidence to support that possibility, and any alarm over Alzheimer’s infectiousness is premature, they emphasize. Still, “that’s something that needs to be investigated,” Soto says.

What do you think of physician-assisted death?


When physician-assisted death becomes decriminalized in Canada in February, Alberta’s doctors want to be ready. The College of Physicians & Surgeons of Alberta has drafted advice for its members and is asking for feedback from both health professionals and the public on that advice.

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“Physicians have a professional obligation to act in the best interests of the patient,” CPSA Registrar Dr. Trevor Theman said in a statement. “While not required to provide [physician-assisted death], physicians are expected to help patients who request PAD access all options for care.”

The college emphasizes that only “competent adult patients can consent to physician-assisted death,” which means it’s not available for minors or incompetent patients, even when an advance directive is in place.

In a unanimous ruling earlier this year, the Supreme Court of Canada declared Canada’s Criminal Code prohibitions on physician-assisted dying are unconstitutional and violate an individual’s right to life, liberty, and security of the person.

“The SCC decision establishes physician-assisted death (PAD) as a Charter right for ‘a competent adult person who (1) clearly consents to the termination of life; and (2) has a grievous and irremediable medical condition (including an illness, disease or disability) that causes suffering that is intolerable to the individual,’” the college writes.

The court gave Ottawa a year to put new laws in place. With February approaching, however, the status quo remains, leaving plenty of unanswered questions.

Namely: What constitutes a “grievous and irremediable medical condition”? What will reporting requirements and insurance protection be?

The college also notes it isn’t clear how other medical professionals, such as a “pharmacist dispensing a lethal medication or a nurse participating as a member of the team,” will be affected by the decision.

The draft contains 17 pieces of advice, including:

Doctors should provide access to holistic and palliative care;
After a patient requests it, doctors should have a full discussion about PAD with the patient including other options, risks of taking the prescribed medication, life insurance implications and option to rescind the request to die at any time;
Documentation from the patient that details the decision to proceed with PAD and that’s signed by a witness “who is not: a relative; entitled to any portion of the estate; an owner, operator, or employee of a health care facility where the patient is receiving treatment; or the attending physician.”
Referral to a psychiatrist or psychologist if the doctor believes the patient’s judgment might be impaired;
Second consultation and waiting period of at least 15 days are mandatory;
Physicians may also decline to provide PAD “if doing so would violate their freedom of conscience” but must provide information so the patient can access all options for care.
“We looked at jurisdictions around the world where physician aid in dying is already legal, as well as Quebec in Canada, to see what they were doing,” Theman told Global News. “So we’ve incorporated a lot of the concepts from those jurisdictions.”

The college also made a flow chart to aid health care professionals in their decisions:

The decision allows both assisted suicide and euthanasia. Assisted suicide means the patient is provided assistance in intentionally ending his or her own life (e.g., an ALS patient who is provided with a lethal dose of medication for self-administration). Euthanasia means a physician directly administers a lethal dose of medication after a formal request by the patient.

Here are four of the most exciting women in science right now.


Here are four of the most exciting women in science right now

Four of the most inspirational young female scientists in Australia and New Zealand have just received grants of $25,000 each to expand upon research that could have a significant impact on their respective fields.

Announced last night in Sydney, the 2015 L’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Australia & New Zealand Fellows, Jodie Rummer, Muireann Irish, Shari Breen, and Christina Riesselman represent not only some of the most exciting research being conducted in areas ranging from neuroscience to astrophysics, they’re also incredible role models for young women who want a career in science.

Jodie Rummer

A marine scientist at James Cook University and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies in Townsville, Jodie Rummer is figuring out what the future holds for sharks. Having been around since before trees were even a thing, sharks have evolved to be one of the world’s most efficient hunters, and she’s trying to work out if they’ll be around in another 100,000 years.

Right now, Rummer is investigating the behaviour and ecology of salmon, mackerel, hagfish and several species of shark to figure out how they came to dominate their place in the world’s oceans. She’s also trying to work out how fish can deliver oxygen to their muscles 20 to 50 times more efficiently than we can. Having a better understanding of their evolutionary successes will help her to predict how sharks and other fish will cope with rapidly changing conditions in the oceans as the climate continues to heat up.

Muireann Irish 

Cognitive neuroscientist Muireann Irish from Neuroscience Research Australia and the University of New South Wales in Sydney has pinpointed the regions in our brains that are essential to how we envision the future, ranging from simple concepts like “I must remember my keys and my wallet when I go out,” to thinking about more complex things such as how our next holiday will pan out.

While that’s fascinating enough on its own, Irish is now investigating how these regions work in relation to dementia, having shown through previous research that people with severe cognitive decline don’t just lose the ability to remember the past, they also lose the ability to envisage the future. This can be devastating not just for the patients, but for their family members too, so Irish is looking into how these regions can be protected against the progressive damage dementia is now causing to 300,000 people around Australia.

Shari Breen

Congratulations – you and everyone around you is made of star stuff. From the nitrogen in our DNA and the calcium in our teeth to the iron in our blood – it all originated in high-mass stars that burnt intensely for just a moment before exploding and spreading out into the Universe. And Shari Breen, an astronomer with CSIRO in Sydney, is using the colossal ‘Dish’ out at Parkes and a network of international telescopes to figure out how these stars were born and then died.

Using masers, which are intense beams of radio waves that act just like laser light, Breen plans to trace the evolution of high-mass stars to put together a timeline for how the elements that eventually came to comprise us started out in the Universe.

Christina Riesselman

If you’ve got a geologist in your life, you’ve probably heard them say time and again that if you want to predict what’s going to happen in the future, you’re going to need a good understanding of the past, and that’s what Christina Riesselman, a geologist at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is working on now.

By analysing sediment extracted from hundreds of metres under the sea floor on the Antarctic ice shelf, Riesselman can look back 3 million years into Earth’s history. She’s trying to understand what the effects of much higher temperatures and sea levels – they were about about 20 metres higher 3 million years ago than they are now – can tell us about where the planet is headed today. She’s now focussing on what happened at the end of the last Ice Age around 10,000 years ago, and is interested in how that knowledge can inform us of the potential impact of our planet’s rapidly changing climate.

Vitamin C could be an effective replacement for exercise, study finds .


We all know we should be exercising more, and the reasons why have never been clearer. With obesity on the rise around the world, and a staggering two-thirds of Americans aged 25 years or older now being overweight or obese, it’s important to make time to exercise and avoid the life-shortening consequences of not doing so.

Or is it? A new study suggests that at least some of the benefits of exercise can be achieved without even getting up off the couch. Researchers have found that by simply maintaining a daily dose of vitamin C (500 mg), a group of overweight and obese participants saw equal improvement in their blood vessel tone as those who undertook a three-month regimen of brisk walking several times per week.

A new virus in liver cancer.


http://www.machineslikeus.com/news/new-virus-liver-cancer