Focal seizure symptoms in idiopathic generalized epilepsies


Abstract

Objective: We sought to study the frequency and prognostic value of focal seizure symptoms (FSS) in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) using a validated tool: Epilepsy Diagnostic Interview Questionnaire and Partial Seizure Symptom Definitions.

Methods: Participants with IGE were recruited from epilepsy clinics at 2 tertiary hospitals. The diagnosis was validated and classified into syndromes according to the International League Against Epilepsy criteria by 2 epileptologists independently with discordance resolved by consensus. The Epilepsy Diagnostic Interview Questionnaire utilizes both open- and closed-ended questions to elicit FSS in association with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonus, and absences. The elicited FSS were classified according to the Partial Seizure Symptom Definitions. Regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the duration of seizure freedom and FSS.

Results: A total of 135 patients were studied, of whom 70 (51.9%) reported FSS. Those symptoms occurred in association with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (53.1%) as well as myoclonus and absences (58%). FSS were reported with similar frequency in juvenile absence epilepsy (62.5%) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (60%), and with a lesser frequency in generalized epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures only (39.5%) and childhood absence epilepsy (33.3%). A strong relationship between FSS and duration of seizure freedom was found (regression coefficient −0.665, p = 0.037).

Conclusions: FSS are frequently reported by patients with IGE. A shorter duration of seizure freedom is associated with FSS. Recognition of the presence of FSS in IGE is important to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis as well as to choose appropriate antiepileptic drug therapy.

Do we need a female Viagra?


We all miss those steamy bedroom scenes as we grow up. Those days spent in between crumpled white sheets on summer afternoons holding hands with our beloved or making drunken love on the stairs of a shady pub with a stranger at two in the morning. In between work stress and conflicting relationships, we literally have to fix an appointment for an undisturbed session of smouldering sex. And as soon as we do that, we begin to worry about unwaxed arms and lingerie. The burning desire? BDSM fantasies? Dreamy orgasms? Scented candles? It’s all gone.

FEMINA

Nah, don’t give up just yet. Instead, thank the US Food and Drug Administration for its approval of Addyi (also known as flibanserin), a drug made by North Carolina-based Sprout Pharmaceuticals used treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. Nicknamed ‘Pink Viagra’, Addyi is considered as the biggest breakthrough for women’s sexual health since the Pill.

But you must know that it’s not all rainbows and orgasms—the pink pill can cause severely low blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue and nausea. These risks are increased and more severe in patients who drink a lot or take Addyi with certain medicines (known as moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors) that interfere with the breakdown of Addyi in the body. The drug carries the highest level of alert to prescribing physicians—a boxed warning, known sometimes as a ‘Black Box Warning’.

We asked our readers their thoughts on the female viagra. Will it hellp them up their bedroom game?

“I am totally cool about trying the Pink pill. May be not on a regular basis, but occasionally or when I am on vacation. After having two kids and the responsibilities of raising them, I feel my libido has taken a hit. It would help to have something that works on a woman’s libido and you’re able to enjoy the sexual act without forcing yourself or pretending to enjoy it. However, I would like to know the side effects of this pill before I consume it.” — Kanishka R, freelance photographer

“As much as I love to experiment with new things, I’m not sure if I’d like to try the pill. I prefer to have my libido in my control. I’m scared I’d end up getting addicted to this drug.” — Rashi Gupta, banker

“If men can have a Viagra, why not women? I’d love to try this new invention just like I’ve tried everything for the first time. Real orgasms are always welcome!” — Wilma D’Silva, teacher

“I am not at all in support of these libido enhancers. If I don’t feel like having sex, why should I take a pill to feel like having it? When there is no yearning, then there will be no missing as well. So why pop a pill unnecessarily just to feel a certain way?” — Kavira Mohan

For those like Kavira, who feel that the fire is always within us, and we don’t need a tablet to instigate it, below are a few easy tips to get the hot ball rolling:
— Add a few Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic muscles and enhance your sexual sensations.
— Bite into libido-boosting fruits like figs, bananas, and avocados.
— Indulge in chocolate—eat it, lick it, pour it, do whatever it takes!
— Drinking one glass of wine can help you loosen up and increase your desire to be intimate—try it now, thank us later.
— Hit the snooze button and get on him, woman! Mornings are truly awesome. Get the glow and head to work! You won’t need makeup, we promise.
— Sext, sext, sext! (not with random people though).
— Turn off the digital devices (except if you’re watching porn together).
— Do the skit with props (if you know what we mean).

FDA approves female sex pill in US


Federal health officials have approved the first prescription drug to boost sexual desire in women, a milestone long sought by the pharmaceutical industry.

However, safety restrictions on the daily pill – called Addyi – mean it will probably never achieve the blockbuster sales of men’s impotence drugs like Viagra, which have generated billions of dollars.

The new drug’s label will carry a bold warning that combining it with alcohol can cause dangerously low blood pressure and fainting. Those problems can also occur if the drug is taken alongside certain common medications, including drugs used to treat yeast infections.

The Food and Drug Administration approval yesterday marked an unusual turnaround for the agency. The FDA previously rejected the drug twice due to lacklustre benefits and worrisome side effects.